Ras\u00fbl-i Ekrem\u2019in en m\u00fchim y\u00f6n\u00fc, ya\u015fayan Kur\u2019\u00e2n olmas\u0131 idi. Bu \u00f6zellik, Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019nden hi\u00e7 ayr\u0131lmayan Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019de de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onlar, \u00f6\u011frendikleri \u015feyleri \u00f6ncelikle kendileri hayatlar\u0131na tatbik ediyorlard\u0131. Bu ise hem \u00f6\u011frenme hem de \u00f6\u011fretme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en tesirli usullerden biridir. Bir \u015fey, g\u00f6stererek ve tatbik edilerek \u00f6\u011fretilirse hem daha kolay \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f hem de kal\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in Kur\u2019\u00e2n \u00e2yetlerini ya\u015fayarak etraf\u0131ndakilere \u00f6\u011fretip anlatmas\u0131yla ilgili pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rnek bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tefsirlere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ilk anda g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan misallerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fbre s\u00fbre grupland\u0131rarak nakledelim:<\/p>\n
\n
– Taber\u00ee, Bakara s\u00fbresinin 180. \u00e2yetinin tefsirinde vasiyetin neshedilip yerine fer\u00e2iz ve miras h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenlerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc naklederken \u015fu rivayete yer verir: \u201cHasan b. Ubeydullah (v. 139 veya 142), \u0130brahim en-Neha\u00ee\u2019ye (v. 96), sahabeden Zeyd ve Talha\u2019n\u0131n vasiyet hususunda \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 davrand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015f, o da buna \u015fu cevab\u0131 vermi\u015ftir: \u00abB\u00f6yle yapmalar\u0131na gerek yoktu; Neb\u00ee (s.a.v) vefat etti, vasiyet etmedi, Eb\u00fb Bekir ise vasiyette bulundu. Bunlar\u0131n hangisini yapsan g\u00fczeldir\u00bb.\u201d[1]<\/a> Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) vasiyette bulunmay\u0131nca el-Bakara 2\/180\u2019nin neshedilmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi ak\u0131llara gelebilirdi. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) vasiyette bulunarak bu \u00e2yetin v\u00fcc\u00fbb ifade etmemekle birlikte h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n – \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, el-Bakara 2\/197. \u00e2yetin tefsirinde ihraml\u0131yken cidalin olmamas\u0131ndan bahsederken \u0130krime\u2019nin k\u00f6leyi d\u00f6vmeden azarlamakta bir beis olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc nakleder. Sonra da d\u00f6vmenin bile caiz olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyip Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in, Ras\u00fblullah (s.a.v) ile kendi e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan deveyi kaybeden hizmet\u00e7isini d\u00f6vd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rivayetini delil getirir. Bu esnada Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) tebess\u00fcm ederek; \u201c\u015eu ihraml\u0131 zata bak\u0131n, ne yap\u0131yor!\u201d<\/i> buyurmu\u015ftur.[2]<\/a> Seleften baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bu rivayete dayanarak, \u201cDeveleri d\u00f6vmek, hacc\u0131 tamamlayan bir unsurdur\u201d dediklerini nakleden \u0130bn Kes\u00eer son olarak \u015fu g\u00fczel s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yler: \u201cL\u00e2kin Nebiyy-i Ekrem\u2019in bu s\u00f6z\u00fcnden latif bir tenkit ve ho\u015fnutsuzluk anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Evl\u00e2 olan bunu yapmamakt\u0131r.\u201d[3]<\/a> Burada Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in hareketi, \u00e2yetin m\u00e2nas\u0131nda yer alan bir cevaz\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n – C\u00fcbeyr b. Huveyris (v. 51-60) \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cEb\u00fb Bekir\u2019i Kuzah[4]<\/a> tepesinde vakfe yaparken g\u00f6rd\u00fcm; \u00abEy insanlar, namaz\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcn a\u011far\u0131nca k\u0131l\u0131n! Ey insanlar, namaz\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00fcn a\u011far\u0131nca k\u0131l\u0131n!\u00bb diyordu. Sonra oradan ayr\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d[5]<\/a> Bu rivayete g\u00f6re Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a), \u201c\u2026Arafat\u2019tan ayr\u0131l\u0131p ak\u0131n etti\u011finizde Me\u015f\u02bbar-i Haram\u2019da Allah\u2019\u0131 zikredin ve O\u2019nu size g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u015fekilde an\u0131n!\u201d<\/b>[6]<\/a> \u00e2yetinin tatbikini yap\u0131yor, bunu hacca gelenlere \u00f6\u011fretiyordu.<\/p>\n – Rivayet tefsirleri el-Bakara 2\/199\u2019daki isti\u011ffar emrinden bahsederken Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019nden kendisine namazda okumak \u00fczere bir dua \u00f6\u011fretmesini istedi\u011fi, Nebiyy-i Ekrem\u2019in de ona bir isti\u011ffar \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi bilgisine[7]<\/a> yer verirler. Bu hadisi, isti\u011ffar\u0131 emreden \u00e2yetlerin tefsirlerinde defalarca nakleden \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, sonra \u015fu h\u00fckme var\u0131r: \u201cD\u00f6rt \u0130mam\u2019\u0131n, Hulef\u00e2-i R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een\u2019in, \u00d6ncekilerin ve Sonrakilerin Efendisi ve \u00c2lemlerin Rabbi\u2019nin Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019nden rivayetleriyle sabit olmu\u015ftur ki, buna Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 M\u00fcb\u00een de delalet eder, g\u00fcnahlara isti\u011ffar etmek g\u00fcnahk\u00e2rlara fayda vermektedir.\u201d[8]<\/a> Bu rivayetten anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Eb\u00fb Bekir, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019daki isti\u011ffar emrini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019nden dua c\u00fcmleleri \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f ve onlar\u0131 hayat\u0131 boyunca devaml\u0131 okumu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n – Tal\u00e2k\u2019\u0131n iki kere oldu\u011funu ifade eden \u00e2yet-i kerime[9]<\/a> de Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in hayat\u0131nda tefsirini bulmu\u015ftur. Zira o, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir defa bo\u015fayan o\u011fluna, han\u0131m\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmesini emretmi\u015ftir.[10]<\/a> Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130bn Abbas\u2019\u0131n nakline g\u00f6re bir defada verilen iki ve \u00fc\u00e7 tal\u00e2k, Ras\u00fblullah (s.a.v) ve Eb\u00fb Bekir devrinde bir tal\u00e2k kabul ediliyordu. Hz. \u00d6mer\u2019in hilafetinde iki sene b\u00f6yle devam etti. Ancak o, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok\u00e7a kad\u0131n bo\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu konuda acele ettiklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce; \u201c\u0130nsanlar teenni ile hareket etmeleri gereken bir hususta \u00e7ok acele ediyorlar, s\u00f6zlerini aynen ge\u00e7erli saysak (belki dikkatli davran\u0131rlar)\u201d diyerek bir anda verilen iki ve \u00fc\u00e7 tal\u00e2k\u0131 s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi kabul etti.[11]<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n – Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) binek \u00fczerindeyken bazen yular\u0131n elinden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olurdu. O hemen devesinin \u00f6n ayaklar\u0131na vurarak onu \u0131ht\u0131r\u0131r ve yular\u0131n\u0131 kendisi al\u0131rd\u0131. Bir defas\u0131nda etraf\u0131ndakiler; \u201cBize emretseydin, onu sana al\u0131verirdik!\u201d dediler. Eb\u00fb Bekir; \u201cSevgilim Ras\u00fblullah (s.a.v) bana insanlardan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey istemememi tavsiye etti\u201d[12]<\/a> cevab\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Bu hareketiyle o, el-Bakara 2\/273\u2019te medhedilen iffeti, y\u00fczs\u00fczl\u00fckten sak\u0131nmay\u0131 ve kimseden bir \u015fey istememeyi ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n \n \u00a0Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) hilafeti \u00fcstlendi\u011fi zaman insanlardan Allah\u2019a, Kit\u00e2b\u2019\u0131na, sonra da em\u00eere itaat etmek \u00fczere bey\u02bbat alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[13]<\/a> Bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla o, en-Nis\u00e2 4\/59\u2019daki \u201cAllah\u2019a, Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019ne ve \u00fcl\u00fclemre itaat\u201d emrini insanlara tatbik ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n – Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe\u2019nin haber verdi\u011fine g\u00f6re Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a), yemin keffaretini bildiren \u00e2yet-i kerime[14]<\/a> ininceye kadar, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir yeminden asla caymazd\u0131. Bu \u00e2yet indikten sonra \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cBen herhangi bir \u015feye yemin eder de, ondan ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131 yemi\u00adnimden daha hay\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrsem, muhakkak o hay\u0131rl\u0131 olan\u0131 yapar\u0131m ve yeminim i\u00e7in keffaret veririm.\u201d[15]<\/a> Bu s\u00f6z\u00fcyle Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir hem keffaret \u00e2yetini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, hem de \u201cYeminlerinizden dolay\u0131 Allah\u2019\u0131 (O\u2019nun ismini), iyilik etmenize, O\u2019ndan sak\u0131nman\u0131za ve insanlar\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmenize engel k\u0131lmay\u0131n!\u201d<\/b>[16]<\/a> \u00e2yetinin tefsirini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/i><\/p>\n – Bir bedevi Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019e gelerek; \u201c\u0130hraml\u0131yken bir hayvan avlad\u0131m. Ceza olarak ne \u00f6demem gerekir?\u201d diye sordu. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) yan\u0131nda oturan \u00dcbeyy b. Ka\u02bbb\u2019a; \u201cBu hususta g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn nedir?\u201d diye sordu. Bu duruma \u015fa\u015f\u0131ran, biraz da \u00f6fkelenen bedevi; \u201cRas\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n halifesisin diye sana gelip soru soruyorum, sen de ba\u015fkas\u0131na soruyorsun!\u201d dedi. Eb\u00fb Bekir ona; \u201cSen Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n \u00abEy iman edenler! \u0130hraml\u0131 iken av\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyin! \u0130\u00e7inizden kim onu kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hayvan\u0131n misli bir ceza vard\u0131r. <\/b>(Buna) K\u00e2be\u2019ye varacak bir kurban olmak \u00fczere i\u00e7inizden adalet sahibi iki ki\u015fi h\u00fckmeder <\/b>(\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen av\u0131n dengini takdir eder)\u2026\u201d<\/b>[17]<\/a> s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hat\u0131rlam\u0131yor musun? Arkada\u015f\u0131mla isti\u015fare ediyorum. Bir \u015fey \u00fczerinde ittifak etti\u011fimizde onu sana s\u00f6yleriz\u201d dedi.[18]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece \u00e2yette ifade edilen m\u00e2nan\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu ya\u015fayarak g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n \n Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u201cHaram aylar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca m\u00fc\u015frikleri buldu\u011funuz yerde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcn\u2026\u201d<\/b>[19]<\/a> ve \u201cE\u011fer sava\u015fta onlar\u0131 yakalarsan, ibret almalar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar(a verece\u011fin ceza) ile arkalar\u0131nda bulunan kimseleri de da\u011f\u0131t!\u201d<\/b>[20]<\/a> \u00e2yet-i kerimeleri, \u201c(Sava\u015fta) ink\u00e2r edenlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z zaman boyunlar\u0131n\u0131 vurun. Nihayet onlara iyice vurup sindirince ba\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011flay\u0131n (esir al\u0131n). Sava\u015f sona erince de art\u0131k ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z veya fidye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sal\u0131verin\u2026\u201d<\/b>[21]<\/a> \u00e2yetini neshetmi\u015ftir. Taber\u00ee, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc naklederken \u015fu rivayete yer verir: Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019e, yakalad\u0131klar\u0131 bir esir hakk\u0131nda mektup yaz\u0131p, yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n onu \u015fu kadar fidye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istedi\u011fini s\u00f6ylediler. Eb\u00fb Bekir; \u201cOnu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcn! M\u00fc\u015friklerden bir adam\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bana \u015fu kadar fidyeden daha sevimlidir\u201d dedi. Ancak Taber\u00ee, Muhammed s\u00fbresindeki \u00e2yetin de muhkem oldu\u011fu, esirlerin duruma g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z veya fidye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131labilece\u011fi veya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc tercih etmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/a> Kal\u02bbac\u00ee, Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in bu tatbikat\u0131yla \u201cYery\u00fcz\u00fcnde a\u011f\u0131r bas\u0131ncaya (k\u00fcfr\u00fcn belini k\u0131r\u0131ncaya) kadar, hi\u00e7bir peygambere esirleri bulunmas\u0131 yara\u015fmaz\u201d<\/b>[23]<\/a> \u00e2yetine t\u00e2bi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun devrinde \u0130sl\u00e2m devleti hen\u00fcz taze idi, bu sebeple o esirlerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini, onlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fidye al\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc.[24]<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \n – et-Tevbe 9\/60\u2019da bahsedilen m\u00fcellefe-i kul\u00fbbun Ras\u00fblullah (s.a.v) zaman\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, Eb\u00fb Bekir ba\u015fa geldi\u011finde bunun kesildi\u011fi rivayet edilir.[25]<\/a> Di\u011fer bir rivayete g\u00f6re Adiyy b. H\u00e2tim, kavminin zek\u00e2t\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz deve getirip Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019e teslim etti. Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) ona bunlardan otuz deve verdi. Bunlar\u0131 \u201cm\u00fcellefe-i kul\u00fbb\u201d pay\u0131ndan verdi ancak iman\u0131 zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kavminin \u015fereflilerinden oldu\u011fu ve kavminin di\u011fer fertlerini \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bunu yapt\u0131.[26]<\/a> Yani Eb\u00fb Bekir, bu \u00e2yetin ihtiyaca g\u00f6re nas\u0131l tatbik edilece\u011fini ya\u015fayarak ortaya koymu\u015f oldu.<\/i><\/p>\n – Bu s\u00fbredeki di\u011fer bir misal de \u015fudur: Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak \u00e2yet-i kerimede \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur: \u201cEy iman edenler! K\u00e2firlerden size yak\u0131n olanlar(dan ba\u015flayarak yak\u0131ndan uza\u011fa do\u011fru) sava\u015f\u0131n ve onlar sizde sert bir kuvvet bulsunlar\u2026\u201d<\/b>[27]<\/a> \u0130bn Kes\u00eer bu \u00e2yetin tefsirinde \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cRas\u00fblullah (s.a.v) yak\u0131ndan uza\u011fa do\u011fru Arap kabileleriyle sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, onlar \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a girince Ehl-i Kit\u00e2p ile sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, Rumlar \u00fczerine Teb\u00fck seferini yapt\u0131ktan sonra vefat etmi\u015ftir. Ondan sonra vazifeyi veziri, arkada\u015f\u0131 ve halifesi Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) devam ettirmi\u015ftir. (Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc vefat edince insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu gerisin geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f,) din iyice zay\u0131flamaya ve yok olmaya yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 onu Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019le sabitle\u015ftirdi, temellerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve payandalar\u0131n\u0131 kuvvetlendirdi. O, dinden ka\u00e7anlar\u0131, burnu yere s\u00fcrt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f vaziyette geri \u00e7evirdi, m\u00fcrtedleri \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a geri getirdi. Zek\u00e2t vermek istemeyenlerden zek\u00e2t\u0131 ald\u0131. Bilmeyenlere hakk\u0131 beyan etti, Ras\u00fblullah\u2019tan ezberledi\u011fi hadisleri insanlara nakletti. Sonra ha\u00e7a tapan Rumlara ve ate\u015fe tapan Farslara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Onun seferlerinin bereketiyle Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 nice beldelerin fethini m\u00fcyesser k\u0131ld\u0131, Kisr\u00e2, Kayser ve onlara t\u00e2bi olanlar\u0131n burnunu yere s\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Onlar\u0131n hazinelerini, Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00f6nceden haber verdi\u011fi gibi, Allah yolunda harcad\u0131.\u201d[28]<\/a> Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir \u00e2yetteki \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131ndan uza\u011fa do\u011fru tebli\u011f edilmesi emrinin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ordular\u0131yla ya\u015fayarak insanlara g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Yani \u00f6nce en yak\u0131ndan ba\u015flanacak, onlar boyun e\u011fince onlar\u0131 takip edenler, onlar boyun e\u011fince de onlar\u0131 takip edenlerle sava\u015f\u0131lacak, bu \u015fekilde yak\u0131ndan uza\u011fa do\u011fru hareket edilecektir.<\/p>\n \n \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Meryem 19\/54\u2019te va\u02bbdine sad\u0131k olmaktan bahsederken \u015fu rivayete yer verir: C\u00e2bir (r.a) \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: Bir g\u00fcn Ras\u00fblullah (s.a.v) bana; \u201cE\u011fer Bahreyn\u2019den zek\u00e2t mal\u0131 gelirse sana \u015f\u00f6yle \u015f\u00f6yle \u015f\u00f6yle doldurup veririm!\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. Fakat o vefat edene kadar beklenen mal gelmedi. Daha sonra Bahreyn\u2019den ganimet mallar\u0131 geldi\u011finde Eb\u00fb Bekir; \u201cRas\u00fbl-i Ekrem\u2019in kime herhangi bir va\u02bbdi veya borcu varsa bize m\u00fcracaat etsin!\u201d diye il\u00e2n etti. Bunun \u00fczerine onun huzuruna var\u0131p; \u201cRas\u00fblulla bana b\u00f6yle b\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu!\u201d dedim. Eb\u00fb Bekir elini ganimet mal\u0131na dald\u0131r\u0131p bir avu\u00e7 ald\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 say\u0131nca 500 tane oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. O zaman Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a) bana; \u201cBunun iki mislini daha al!\u201d dedi.[29]<\/a> Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir burada va\u02bbde sadakatin g\u00fczel ve anlaml\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fini sergilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \n \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, el-Hac 22\/37\u2019de kurban\u0131n s\u00fcnnet oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc naklederken \u015fu rivayete yer verir: Eb\u00fb Ser\u00eeha (v. 42); \u201cBen Eb\u00fb Bekir ve \u00d6mer ile kom\u015fu idim. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n kendilerine uymas\u0131ndan korkarak kurban kesmezlerdi\u201d[30]<\/a> demi\u015ftir. Yani onlar insanlar\u0131n kendilerine uyarak kurban kesmesinden ve bunu vacip zannetmelerinden korkmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla kurban kesmenin farz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n Bu s\u00fbrenin, \u201cOnlar ki, namazlar\u0131nda hu\u015f\u00fb i\u00e7indedirler\u201d<\/b>[31]<\/a> \u00e2yeti tefsir edilirken Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in namaz esnas\u0131ndaki hu\u015f\u00fb halinden bahsedilir ve onun sanki bir direk gibi d\u00fcmd\u00fcz ve hareketsiz durdu\u011fu nakledilir.[32]<\/a> Abd\u00fcrrazzak \u015f\u00f6yle der: Mekke ehli; \u201c\u0130bn C\u00fcreyc (v. 150\/767)[33]<\/a> namaz\u0131 At\u00e2\u2019dan, o \u0130bn Z\u00fcbeyr\u2019den, o Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019den, o da Nebiyy-i Ekrem\u2019den ald\u0131\u201d diyorlar. Ben \u0130bn C\u00fcreyc\u2019den daha g\u00fczel namaz k\u0131lan birini g\u00f6rmedim.[34]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in namaz\u0131 da son derece g\u00fczel olmal\u0131d\u0131r. O, yukar\u0131daki \u00e2yeti en g\u00fczel \u015fekilde ya\u015fay\u0131p hayat\u0131na tatbik etmi\u015f ki talebeleri de namazlar\u0131n\u0131 herkesin g\u0131pta edece\u011fi \u015fekilde k\u0131labilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n \n Masum insanlara zina iftiras\u0131nda bulunup da d\u00f6rt \u015fahit getiremeyenlerin cezas\u0131, kendilerine seksen sopan\u0131n vurulmas\u0131d\u0131r.[35]<\/a> K\u00f6lelerin haddi ise yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sebeple Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir b\u00f6yle bir durumdaki k\u00f6lelere k\u0131rktan fazla sopa vurdurmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n \n Dihlev\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re Rum s\u00fbresinin ilk \u00e2yetlerindeki iki kelime bir k\u0131raate g\u00f6re \u063a\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0652 ve \u0633\u064e\u064a\u064f\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u015feklinde okundu\u011funda, bu \u00e2yetler m\u00fc\u2019minlerin R\u00fbm \u00fclkesini fethedece\u011fini m\u00fcjdelemektedir. Bu da Neb\u00ee (s.a.v) zaman\u0131nda de\u011fil \u015eeyhayn zaman\u0131nda tahakkuk etmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr il\u00e2h\u00ee va\u02bbdlerin halifenin eliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ise Hil\u00e2fet-i H\u00e2ssa\u2019n\u0131n levaz\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r.[37]<\/a> Bu tefsire g\u00f6re Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a), yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetihlerle Rum s\u00fbresinde neyin kastedildi\u011fini bizzat ortaya koymu\u015f, o \u00e2yetleri ya\u015fayarak tefsir edip m\u00e2nas\u0131n\u0131 insanlara g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \n Bu s\u00fbredeki, \u201cEy iman edenler! Seslerinizi Neb\u00ee\u2019nin sesinin \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u00fckseltmeyin. Birbirinize ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z gibi, ona y\u00fcksek sesle ba\u011f\u0131rmay\u0131n; yoksa siz fark\u0131na varmadan amelleriniz bo\u015fa gidiverir\u201d<\/b>[38]<\/a> \u00e2yeti n\u00e2zil olunca Eb\u00fb Bekir (r.a); \u201cY\u00e2 Ras\u00fblallah, sana Kit\u00e2b\u2019\u0131 indiren Allah\u2019a yemin ederim ki bundan sonra Allah\u2019a kavu\u015funcaya kadar seninle ancak f\u0131s\u0131ldayan biri gibi konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131m!\u201d dedi.[39]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece \u00e2yet-i kerimeyi derhal hayat\u0131na tatbik ederek ne m\u00e2naya geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve nas\u0131l ya\u015fanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnek sergilemi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n \n Saff 61\/14\u2019te \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer dinlere galip gelece\u011fi va\u02bbd edilmektedir. Bu va\u02bbd, Neb\u00ee (s.a.v) hayattayken tam olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Daha sonraki Hulef\u00e2-i R\u00e2\u015fid\u00een devrinde pe\u015fpe\u015fe yap\u0131lan cihadlarla pek\u00e7ok fetihler oldu. T\u0131pk\u0131 Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n havarilerinin kendisinden sonra d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na galip gelmeleri gibi. Bu durum ba\u015fta Eb\u00fb Bekir olmak \u00fczere R\u00e2\u015fit Halifeler\u2019in faziletine ve hilafetlerinin s\u0131hhatine bir delildir.[40]<\/a> Meseleye bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlar, kazand\u0131klar\u0131 zaferlerle, \u00e2yetin m\u00e2nas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015f oldular ve \u00e2yeti ya\u015fayarak tefsir ettiler.<\/p>\n Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in \u00e2yetleri hayat\u0131na tatbik edi\u015f \u015fekli bizim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetli bir kaynak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o bunlar\u0131n hepsini hem s\u00f6zl\u00fc hem de fiil\u00ee olarak Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019nden \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, defalarca i\u015fitip g\u00f6rerek bilgisini iyice sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan amel, s\u00f6zden daha kuvvetli bir delil olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Fakihler, rivayetiyle amel eden r\u00e2vinin rivayetine \u00f6ncelik vermi\u015flerdir. Zira insan bir s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yler, bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc do\u011fru kabul edebilir ancak ondan daha do\u011fru buldu\u011fu bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle amel edebilir. Bunun yan\u0131nda Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcm veya karar verirken sahabenin ileri gelenleriyle isti\u015fare ederek bunu yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6nem arzetmekte, fiillerinin bilgi de\u011ferini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sa\u011flam kaynaklardan ortaya konuldu\u011funda Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in hayat\u0131n\u0131n tefsir a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengin ve k\u0131ymetli \u00f6rnekler ihtiva etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> III, 392.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [2]<\/a> Ahmed, VI, 344; \u0130bn M\u00e2ce, Men\u00e2sik, 21; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Men\u00e2sik, 29\/1818; H\u00e2kim, I, 623\/1667. \u015euayb Arna\u00fbt \u201czay\u0131f\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [3]<\/a> \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> I, 547.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [4]<\/a> Kuzah, M\u00fczdelife\u2019de vakfe yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcstehap olan bir tepedir. Hacc\u0131n vaciplerinden say\u0131lan M\u00fczdelife vakfesinde s\u00fcnnete uygun olarak imk\u00e2n nisbetinde bu tepenin veya civar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.\u00a0Fakihlere g\u00f6re Arafat i\u00e7in Cebelirahme ne ise M\u00fczdelife i\u00e7in de Kuzah tepesi odur. Hz. Ali, Ras\u00fbl-i Ekrem\u2019in Kuzah tepesinde vakfe yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve; \u201c\u0130\u015fte Kuzah, buras\u0131 vakfe yeridir; b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fczdelife de vakfe yeridir\u201d <\/i>buyurdu\u011funu nakletmi\u015ftir (Ahmed, I, 75, 81, 157; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Men\u00e2sik, 64; Tirmiz\u00ee, Hac, 54). (\u00d6\u011f\u00fct, S\u00e2lim, \u201cKuzah\u201d mad., D\u0130A,<\/i> y\u0131l:\u00a02002,\u00a0XXVI,\u00a0515-516).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [5]<\/a> Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>IV, 181.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [6]<\/a> el-Bakara 2\/198.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [7]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Ez\u00e2n 149, Deav\u00e2t 17, Tevh\u00eed 9; M\u00fcslim, Zikir 48; \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> I, 557.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [8]<\/a> \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>II, 124.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [9]<\/a> el-Bakara 2\/229.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [10]<\/a> Kal\u02bbac\u00ee, Mevs\u00fbat\u00fc f\u0131khi Eb\u00ee Bekri\u2019s-S\u0131dd\u00eek, <\/i>s. 181.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [11]<\/a> M\u00fcslim, Tal\u00e2k, 15. Kr\u015f. Abd\u00fcrrazzak, Musannef,<\/i> VI, 392; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Tal\u00e2k, 9-10\/2199.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [12]<\/a> Ahmed, I, 11. \u015euayb Arna\u00fbt \u201chasen li-\u011fayrihi\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [13]<\/a> Eb\u00fb Nuaym, Ma\u02bbrifet\u00fc\u2019s-sah\u00e2be,<\/i> VI, 3063; Beyhak\u00ee, es-S\u00fcnen\u00fc\u2019l-k\u00fcbr\u00e2,<\/i> VIII, 252; \u0130bn Hacer, el-Met\u00e2lib\u00fc\u2019l-\u00e2liye,<\/i> IX, 609.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [14]<\/a> el-M\u00e2ide 5\/89.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [15]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Eym\u00e2n, 1, Tefs\u00eeru\u2019l-Kur\u2019\u00e2n, 5\/8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [16]<\/a> el-Bakara 2\/224.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [17]<\/a> el-M\u00e2ide 5\/95.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [18]<\/a> \u0130bn Eb\u00ee H\u00e2tim, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> IV, 1206-1207; M\u00fcttak\u00ee el-Hind\u00ee, Kenz\u00fc\u2019l-umm\u00e2l, <\/i>V, 244\/12767; \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> III, 193. \u0130bn Kes\u00eer bu senedin \u201cceyyid\u201d ancak \u201cmunkat\u0131\u02bb\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [19]<\/a> et-Tevbe 9\/5.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [20]<\/a> el-Enf\u00e2l 8\/57.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [21]<\/a> Muhammed 47\/4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [22]<\/a> Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> XXII, 154-156. Bkz. Eb\u00fb Hayy\u00e2n, IX, 461.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [23]<\/a> el-Enf\u00e2l 8\/67.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [24]<\/a> Kal\u02bbac\u00ee, Mevs\u00fbat\u00fc f\u0131khi Eb\u00ee Bekri\u2019s-S\u0131dd\u00eek, <\/i>s. 39.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [25]<\/a> Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>XIV, 315.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [26]<\/a> Be\u011fav\u00ee, IV, 63-64.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [27]<\/a> et-Tevbe 9\/123. Bkz. Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>XIV, 574.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [28]<\/a> \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>IV, 238. \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, benzer ifadeleri Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir ve \u00d6mer i\u00e7in en-N\u00fbr 24\/55\u2019te de kullan\u0131r (Tefs\u00eer, <\/i>VI, 77-78).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [29]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Kef\u00e2le 3, Hibe 18, \u015eeh\u00e2d\u00e2t 28, Humus 15, Cizye 4, Meg\u00e2z\u00ee 73; M\u00fcslim, Fed\u00e2il 60-61; \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> V, 239.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [30]<\/a> \u0130bn Kes\u00eer, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> V, 432.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [31]<\/a> el-M\u00fc\u2019min\u00fbn 23\/2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [32]<\/a> \u0130bn Eb\u00ee \u015eeybe, Musannef<\/i>, II, 125\/7245; Ahmed, Fed\u00e2il\u00fc\u2019s-sah\u00e2be,<\/i> I, 207; Beyhak\u00ee, es-S\u00fcnen\u00fc\u2019l-k\u00fcbr\u00e2,<\/i> II, 398; \u0130bn As\u00e2kir, XXVIII, 169; S\u00fcy\u00fbt\u00ee, ed-D\u00fcrr\u00fc\u2019l-mens\u00fbr,<\/i> VI, 85.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [33]<\/a> Tefsir, hadis ve f\u0131k\u0131h \u00e2limi olup t\u00e2bi\u00eendendir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\nb) Nis\u00e2 S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
c) M\u00e2ide S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
d) Enf\u00e2l S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
e) Tevbe S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
f) Meryem S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
g) Hac S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
h) M\u00fc\u2019min\u00fbn S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
\u0131) N\u00fbr S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
k) R\u00fbm S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
l. Hucur\u00e2t S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
m. Saff S\u00fbresi<\/h4>\n
\n