Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda, Ramazan gelmeden evvel b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlarda tatl\u0131 bir tela\u015f ba\u015flar ve haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kom\u015fu ve akrabalar bir araya gelerek imece us\u00fbl\u00fcyle mevsimine g\u00f6re eri\u015fteler, tur\u015fular, konserveler, re\u00e7eller yaparlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6renin kendine has yemekleri iftar ve sahur sofralar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcsler. Bilhassa kom\u015fular birbirlerine yemekler g\u00f6nderirlerdi. B\u00f6ylece her kom\u015funun sofras\u0131 zenginle\u015firdi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, k\u00f6y odalar\u0131nda bir araya gelerek sohbet ederlerdi. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 iftar d\u00e2vetleri yap\u0131larak \u00e2ileler, kom\u015fular, arkada\u015flar ve akrabalar aras\u0131ndaki birlik ve muhabbet artard\u0131. Yine baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerimizde Ramazan ay\u0131nda evlerde toplan\u0131larak \u015fiirler, maniler okunurdu. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6y\u00fcn ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131, gen\u00e7lere eski hik\u00e2yeler anlat\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Konaklarda \u0130ftar<\/b><\/p>\n
Ramazan geldi\u011finde, \u0130stanbul\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn evleri, herkesin kudretine g\u00f6re birer D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019t-Tabak<\/i> (Ziy\u00e2fet evi) h\u00e2line gelirdi. Herkes akraba ve ahbaplar\u0131n\u0131 evine iftara d\u00e2vet eder, ikram ederek kudretince ziyafet vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fcklerin konaklar\u0131nda Ramazan ak\u015famlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131l\u0131r, s\u00fcsl\u00fc ve m\u00fckellef sofralar kurulurdu. B\u00fcy\u00fck konaklarda ev sahibi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan sofradan ba\u015fka, her g\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi k\u00e2hya odas\u0131na, divan efendisi, kitap\u00e7\u0131, m\u00fc\u00adh\u00fcrdar ve imam efendi odalar\u0131na da zengin sofralar kurulur, gelen misafirler r\u00fctbelerine g\u00f6re buralara al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. H\u00e2ne s\u00e2hibinin her ak\u015fam kurulan sofras\u0131na Ramazana mahsus olan ekmeklerden ba\u015fka uzun yumu\u015fak pide\u00adler, muhtelif ufak halka \u00e7\u00f6rekler, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f veya de\u011ferli bir tepsiye \u00e7e\u015fitli meyvelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f re\u00e7eller, sucuk, past\u0131r\u00adma, peynirler ve bilhassa hurma ile t\u00fcrl\u00fc t\u00fcrl\u00fc zeytinler konurdu. Or\u00adtas\u0131na da sapl\u0131, kulplu ve kapakl\u0131 elmast\u0131ra\u015f denilen bill\u00fbrdan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sekiz-on kadar bardak i\u00e7inde Mekke-i M\u00fckerreme<\/b>\u2019den getirilmi\u015f zemzem-i \u015fer\u00eef <\/b>konurdu. En a\u011f\u0131r k\u0131ymetli tak\u0131m ve tabaklar, s\u0131rmal\u0131 havlular, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f le\u00ad\u011fenler haz\u0131r edilirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130ftar vaktine yar\u0131m saat kala oda\u00adn\u0131n m\u00fcn\u00e2sip bir k\u00f6\u015fesine konmu\u015f buhurdanlarda \u00f6da\u011fac\u0131<\/b> veya buhur, pek ki\u00adbar \u00e2ilelerde anber<\/b> yak\u0131l\u0131r, odan\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekilirdi. Ak\u015fam ezan\u0131na \u00e7eyrek kala h\u00e2ne sahibi yemek odas\u0131na girer, ayakta kendi sofras\u0131na al\u0131nacak misafirlerin geli\u015fini bekler, kar\u015f\u0131lar, herkes sofrada yerini al\u0131nca daire imam\u0131 efendi derhal Kur\u2019an-\u0131 Kerim<\/b>\u2019den baz\u0131 \u00e2y\u00e2t-\u0131 cel\u00eele okumaya ba\u015flar, heerkes sessizce dinlerdi. Bu arada vaktin geldi\u011fini bildiren top da at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olurdu. \u00d6nce zemzem-i \u015ferif i\u00e7ilerek oru\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, iftarl\u0131k denen re\u00e7el\u00adler ve \u00f6nlerindeki \u00e7\u00f6reklerden yemeye ba\u015flan\u0131rd\u0131. Zenginler yemekte iki \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7orba ve sarayk\u00e2r\u00ee yumurta, en az \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fit tatl\u0131, iki \u00e7e\u015fit b\u00f6rek ve ho\u015faf ile be\u015f-alt\u0131 t\u00fcrl\u00fc sebze bulundururdu. Sofralar\u0131n me\u015fhur tatl\u0131lar\u0131 baklava, samsa, revani, \u015fekerpare idi.<\/p>\n
D\u00e2vetsiz \u0130ftara Gidilebilirdi<\/b><\/p>\n
Ramazan\u2019\u0131n en m\u00fchim hus\u00fbsiyetlerinden biri iftar sofralar\u0131na d\u00e2vetsiz gidilebilmesiydi. Osmanl\u0131 Saray\u0131na Ramazan ay\u0131 boyunca iftara davetsiz olarak gelinebilirdi. Bunun h\u00e2ricinde Osmanl\u0131 Saray\u0131n\u0131n hus\u00fbs\u00ee davetleri de olurdu. Ramazan\u2019\u0131n ilk on g\u00fcn\u00fcnde Padi\u015fah, ayan ve mebusan reisleriyle birlikte v\u00fckelay\u0131 saraya iftar i\u00e7in d\u00e2vet ederdi.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ve zenginlerin h\u00e2nelerinde hus\u00fbs\u00ee d\u00e2vetler verildi\u011fi gi\u00adbi, kap\u0131lar\u0131 her gece isteyen ahbap ve misafirlerine de a\u00e7\u0131k olurdu. Gelen geri \u00e7evrilmez i\u00e7eriye al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Bu d\u00e2vetsiz misafirler, derece ve itibarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00e2hya ve divan efendisi ve m\u00fch\u00fcrdar gibi zatlar\u0131n odalar\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r, if\u00adtar ettirilir, onlara da m\u00fckellef iftarl\u0131klar, tatl\u0131lar, b\u00f6rekler ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ye\u00admek verilirdi. Gedikli a\u011falarla di\u011fer a\u011falara, kavas ve a\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara ve evdeki di\u00ad\u011fer hizmetlilere ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 sofralar kurulurdu. Kona\u011f\u0131n alt kat\u0131na da iftara gelen mahalle bek\u00e7isi, sakas\u0131, amele ve di\u011fer fakirler i\u00e7in onar ki\u015filik en az \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt sofra haz\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131. Bu misafirler kahvelerini de i\u00e7tikten sonra hazinedar a\u011fa onlara di\u015f kiras\u0131<\/b> nam\u0131yla bir miktar at\u0131yye verilirdi.<\/p>\n
D\u00e2vetli misafirler de kahvelerini i\u00e7er, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yats\u0131 namaz\u0131 vakti yakla\u015f\u0131nca gitmeye ba\u015flard\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda mahallenin imam\u0131, m\u00fcezzini ve muh\u00adtar\u0131 gibi kimselerle di\u011fer kom\u015fu ve mahalle ah\u00e2lisinden at\u0131yye verilmesi laz\u0131m gelenlere de yine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 di\u015f kiralar\u0131 verilirdi. H\u00e2ne sahibi taraf\u0131n\u00addan maiyetinde bulunanlara veya arzu ettiklerine Ramazan hediyesi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda saat bile verildi\u011fi olurdu. Yats\u0131 namaz\u0131 vakti gelince hane sahibi ile kalanlar hep beraber teravih namaz\u0131 k\u0131larlar, daha sonra biraz sohbet eder ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Konaklarda Teravih Namaz\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fcklerin konaklar\u0131nda normal g\u00fcnlerde de imam bulunur, sabah ak\u015fam ve yats\u0131 namazlar\u0131n\u0131 ev halk\u0131 cemaatle k\u0131lar, a\u011falardan m\u00fcn\u00e2sip biri m\u00fcezzinlik yapard\u0131. Ramazan\u2019da ise ekseriyetle konak imam\u0131 teravih k\u0131ld\u0131rmazd\u0131; h\u00e2ri\u00e7ten musiki\u015finas bir imam ve g\u00fczel sesli m\u00fcezzinler tutulmas\u0131 \u00e2detti. Cemaat i\u00e7in ya sofaya veya mevsim k\u0131\u015f ise cami h\u00e2line konmu\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir odaya g\u00fczel seccade\u00adler serilirdi. \u0130mam\u0131n sesine dokunmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in uza\u011f\u0131na konan iki buhurdanda \u00f6d ya da anber yak\u0131l\u0131r\u00add\u0131. M\u00fcezzinler en arka safta durur, her d\u00f6rt rek\u00e2tta hep bir a\u011f\u0131zdan il\u00e2h\u00eeler, tev\u015fihler okurlard\u0131. Namaz\u0131n so\u00adnunda imam efendi Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim\u2019den yine y\u00fcksek sesle mihr\u00e2biye okur, bu s\u00fbretle teravih namaz\u0131 son bulundu.<\/p>\n
Konaklarda Sahur<\/b><\/p>\n
Her s\u0131n\u0131ftan halk kendi m\u00e2li g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re sahur i\u00e7in yemek haz\u0131rlard\u0131. V\u00fczera ve ek\u00e2bir-i rical konak\u00adlar\u0131nda da geceleri matbahlarda haz\u0131rlanan yemekler tablak\u00e2rlar taraf\u0131ndan harem ve sel\u00e2ml\u0131\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Yine g\u00fcnd\u00fcz gibi sofralar kurulursa da ak\u00ad\u015fam yemekleri gibi olmazd\u0131. Sahur yeme\u011fi, suyu al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6\u011f\u00fc\u015f et veya \u0131zgara k\u00f6ftesi ve don\u00admu\u015f pa\u00e7a, hus\u00fbs\u00ee yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f simidden makarna, hafif tatl\u0131lardan s\u00fctla\u00e7, muhal\u00adlebi, ayva ve elmasi tatl\u0131s\u0131, ho\u015faf ile m\u00fcn\u00e2sip sebzelerden ibaret olurdu. Sa\u00adhura kalkmak b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ho\u015funa gitti\u011finden v\u00e2lidelerine, kendilerini uyand\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ak\u015famdan \u0131srarla ri\u00adc\u00e2larda bulunurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck konaklara geceleyin de sahur yeme\u011fi i\u00e7in fukara gelir, onla\u00adra ayr\u0131lan sofralarda yemekler yedirilirdi. Ancak gelen fakirlerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130s\u00adtanbul\u2019un uzak semtlerinde oturduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in sahur yeme\u011fini konakta ye\u00admez, matbaha gider, arkas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 zembilindeki kaplara ak\u015famdan kalan yemeklerden koyup d\u00f6nerlerdi. Yak\u0131nda oturanlar sahura kal\u0131rd\u0131. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n sahur vakti \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 olurdu. B\u00f6yle zamanlarda misafir gelecekse sa\u00adhura yak\u0131n gelir, ev sahibi ve ev halk\u0131 da \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt saat kadar bi\u00adraz uyurdu. K\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnleri uykudan kalkarak so\u011fuk odada yemek yemek zor oldu\u011fundan yemek yenecek odalar daha \u00f6nce mangallarla \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Emekli devlet ric\u00e2li, fazla hizmet ve me\u015fguliyet\u00adleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fle namazlar\u0131n\u0131 cemaatle camide k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in er\u00adkence konaklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar, namaz k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bir s\u00fcre camide kal\u0131r, ibadetle me\u015fgul olurlard\u0131. D\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131nda, g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri fa\u00adkirlere at\u0131yyeler vererek yard\u0131mda bulunurlard\u0131.<\/i><\/b> Yard\u0131m ve bah\u015fi\u015flerin a\u00e7\u0131ktan verilmeyip bir zarfa konmas\u0131 veya en az\u0131ndan bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da sar\u0131larak verilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin \u00e2detlerindendi.<\/i><\/b> (Bkz. Abd\u00fclaziz Bey, Osmanl\u0131 \u00c2det, Merasim ve T\u00e2birleri, <\/i>\u0130stanbul 2000, s. 253-259)<\/p>\n
S\u00fbre \u0130simli Sofralar<\/b><\/p>\n
Bursa\u2019da Ramazan sofralar\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131r ho\u015f bir \u00e2det vard\u0131. Ned\u00eemenin misafirlere salonun kap\u0131s\u0131nda takdim etti\u011fi \u015fim\u015fir ka\u015f\u0131klarda Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019daki s\u00fbre isimleri yazar, herkes ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ka\u015f\u0131kta hangi s\u00fbre ismi yaz\u0131yorsa, o ismin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu sofraya otururdu. B\u00f6ylece zengin-fakir, pa\u015fa-ged\u00e2 yan yana yemek yerdi. Yemekten sonra da \u015fim\u015fir ka\u015f\u0131klar, \u00fczerlerinde s\u00fbre isimleri yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yak\u0131l\u0131r ve k\u00fclleri g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esine d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n Orucu <\/b><\/p>\n
Anadolu\u2019nun baz\u0131 yerlerinde ilk defa oru\u00e7 tutan \u00e7ocuklara \u00e7e\u015fitli hediyeler verilirdi. Baz\u0131 yerlerde de \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n oru\u00e7lar\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131narak oruca te\u015fvik edilirdi. Tam g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tutamayacak kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6\u011fle vakti oru\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve buna da \u201ctekne orucu\u201d<\/b> denirdi.<\/p>\n
Huzur Dersleri<\/b><\/p>\n
Ramazanlarda Padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n huzurunda Tefsir<\/i><\/b> dersleri okunurdu Padi\u015fah\u2019\u0131n huzurunda okundu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu derslere \u201cHuzur Dersleri\u201d denirdi. Haftada 2 g\u00fcn, Ramazan boyunca 8 defa 1 Mukarrir Efendi ve kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki 15 ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan muh\u00e2taplar\u0131, Huz\u00fbr-u H\u00fcm\u00e2yunda 2 saat ders okurlard\u0131. Ders esn\u00e2s\u0131nda Padi\u015fah d\u00e2hil herkes diz \u00e7\u00f6kerdi. Dersler saray salonlar\u0131ndan birinde ve \u00f6\u011fle ile ikindi aras\u0131nda takrir olunurdu. \u0130lk huzur dersleri Osman Gazi<\/b> zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Sultan Murad H\u00fcdavendig\u00e2r<\/b>\u2019\u0131n tertibiyle resm\u00eele\u015fmi\u015fti. \u00c2limler halk i\u00e7in de c\u00e2milerde tefs\u00eer, hadis ve f\u0131k\u0131h dersleri yaparlar, um\u00fbm\u00ee vaazlar verirlerdi. \u0130\u015fte Osmanl\u0131lar, bu m\u00fcb\u00e2rek ay\u0131, her \u015feyiyle reng\u00e2renk ve dopdolu ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda, Ramazan gelmeden evvel b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlarda tatl\u0131 bir tela\u015f ba\u015flar ve haz\u0131rl\u0131klar yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Kom\u015fu ve akrabalar bir araya gelerek imece us\u00fbl\u00fcyle mevsimine g\u00f6re eri\u015fteler, tur\u015fular, konserveler, re\u00e7eller yaparlard\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-makaleler"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3G27m-Mg","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2992","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2992"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2992\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7894,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2992\/revisions\/7894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2992"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2992"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2992"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}