{"id":328,"date":"2013-06-01T15:11:36","date_gmt":"2013-06-01T13:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=328"},"modified":"2014-08-21T16:35:11","modified_gmt":"2014-08-21T14:35:11","slug":"9-islamin-kolelik-sistemine-bakisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=328","title":{"rendered":"9. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n K\u00f6lelik Sistemine Bak\u0131\u015f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00f6lelik m\u00fcessesesinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi olarak belirli bir zaman dilimini g\u00f6stermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zaman zaman insanlar bu konuda o kadar ileri gitmi\u015flerdir ki mesel\u00e2 Romal\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde k\u00f6lelerin say\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fcrlerin \u00fc\u00e7 misline ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta Paulus Aemilus\u2019un 150.000 k\u00f6leyi bir tek seferin sonunda satt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedilir.[1]<\/a> Mal gibi al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan bu k\u00f6lelere \u00e2det\u00e2 hayvan muamelesi yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. M\u00e2likleri onlar \u00fczerinde mutlak hak sahibi idiler.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m geldi\u011finde k\u00f6lelerin durumu i\u00e7ler ac\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130sl\u00e2m i\u00e7tim\u00e2\u00ee hayata iyice yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan k\u00f6leli\u011fi birden kald\u0131rmay\u0131p tedr\u00eecen (derece derece) kald\u0131rma yoluna gitti. O zamanki \u015fartlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu metod maslahata daha uygundu. K\u00f6lelik birden kald\u0131r\u0131lsayd\u0131 insanlar bunu g\u00f6zlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcterek kabul etmezlerdi. Nitekim Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem, k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmeyi a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zor sarp bir yoku\u015f olarak tavsif ederek kendisine do\u011fru ve e\u011fri yol g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi h\u00e2lde bunu ba\u015faramayan insanlara sitem etmi\u015f, k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmenin m\u00fck\u00e2f\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131n da zorlu\u011fuyla m\u00fcs\u00e2v\u00ee olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber vermi\u015ftir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda sosyal ve ekonomik hayat k\u00f6lelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131yd\u0131. K\u00f6leli\u011fin birden kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sosyal ve ekonomik bir\u00e7ok probleme yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Hayatta hi\u00e7 h\u00fcrriyeti tatmam\u0131\u015f olan k\u00f6leler birden serbest kal\u0131nca ne yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131racak, belki eski efendilerine ba\u015fvurup yeniden k\u00f6le olmay\u0131 isteyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u0130sl\u00e2m, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te k\u00f6leli\u011fin istism\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6nde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bu hus\u00fbsu cidd\u00ee birtak\u0131m kurallara ba\u011flayarak tanz\u00eem etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lelik Kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Kapatt\u0131 H\u00fcrriyet Kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 A\u00e7t\u0131<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m, evvel\u00e2 insanlar\u0131n keyf\u00ee olarak k\u00f6le yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ras\u00fblullah Efendimiz (s.a.v) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/p>\n

\u201cAllah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu: \u00abBen k\u0131yamet g\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fu \u00fc\u00e7 insan\u0131n hasm\u0131y\u0131m: Benim ismimi kullanarak ve bana yemin ederek s\u00f6z verip de s\u00f6z\u00fcnden cayan ki\u015fi. H\u00fcr bir insan\u0131 k\u00f6le diye sat\u0131p paras\u0131n\u0131 yiyen ki\u015fi. \u00dccretle bir i\u015f\u00e7i tutup i\u015fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra \u00fccretini vermeyen ki\u015fi.\u00bb\u201d<\/i> (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, B\u00fcy\u00fb, 106; \u0130c\u00e2re, 10; \u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Ruh\u00fbn, 4)<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci olarak \u0130sl\u00e2m, ilk g\u00fcnlerinden itibaren k\u00f6lelerin \u00e2z\u00e2d edilmesini \u0131srarla te\u015fvik ve tavsiye etmi\u015ftir. Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de in\u00adsanlar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesine d\u00e2ir tek bir \u00e2yet bulunmaz. Ancak k\u00f6lelerin \u00e2z\u00e2d edilmesi her vesileyle te\u015fvik ve emredilir. Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/b>(Salih ki\u015filer) kendileri de \u00e7ok sevdikleri ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu h\u00e2lde, mallar\u0131ndan yak\u0131nlara, yetimlere, yoksullara, yolda kalm\u0131\u015flara, dilenenlere, k\u00f6le ve esirlerin h\u00fcrriyetlerine kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 u\u011funda seve seve inf\u00e2k ederler.\u201d <\/b>(Bakara, 177)[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r daha peygamber olmadan \u00f6nce Zeyd bin H\u00e2rise<\/b>\u2019yi \u00e2z\u00e2d etti. (\u0130bn-i Hi\u015f\u00e2m, I, 266; \u0130bn-i Sa\u2018d, III, 40)<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n ve h\u00fcrriyetin k\u0131ymetini en iyi bilen Ras\u00fblullah r, eline ge\u00e7en b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00f6leleri \u00e7e\u015fitli vesilelerle azat etmi\u015ftir. Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in k\u00f6le \u00e2zad\u0131 ile al\u00e2kal\u0131 hadis-i \u015ferifleri, m\u00fchim ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da oldu\u011fundan hadis kitaplar\u0131m\u0131zda m\u00fcstakil birer b\u00f6l\u00fcm te\u015fkil ederler (Itk<\/b> veya At\u00e2k<\/b>: K\u00f6le \u00c2z\u00e2d Etmek). F\u0131k\u0131h eserleri de mevz\u00fb ile al\u00e2kal\u0131 ahk\u00e2m \u00fczerinde b\u00fct\u00fcn tafs\u00eelat\u0131yla dururlar.<\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r hadis-i \u015feriflerinden birinde \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/p>\n

\u201cKim m\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir k\u00f6leyi \u00e2zat ederse, Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 onun her uzvuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e2zat edenin bir uzvunu cehennem ate\u015finden kurtar\u0131r\u2026\u201d <\/i>(Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Keff\u00e2r\u00e2t, 6; M\u00fcslim, Itk, 22-23; Tirmiz\u00ee, N\u00fcz\u00fbr, 14)<\/p>\n

Sa\u00eed bin Merc\u00e2ne \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201cBen bir defas\u0131nda dostum Zeynel\u00e2bid\u00een Ali bin H\u00fcseyin<\/b>\u2019in yan\u0131nda bu hadis-i \u015ferifi zikretmi\u015ftim. Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in torunu olan Zeynel\u00e2bid\u00een <\/b>Hazretleri hemen kalk\u0131p \u00e7ok k\u0131ymetli bir k\u00f6lesini \u00e2z\u00e2d etti. H\u00e2lbuki Abdullah bin C\u00e2fer bu k\u00f6le i\u00e7in onbin dirhem veya bin d\u00een\u00e2r vermi\u015fti de satmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Itk, 1; M\u00fcslim, Itk, 24)<\/p>\n

Eb\u00fb Zer<\/b> t:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Y\u00e2 Ras\u00fblallah! Hangi k\u00f6leyi \u00e2zat etmek daha faziletlidir?\u201d diye sordu\u011funda:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Sahibi yan\u0131nda en k\u0131ymetli ve fiyat\u0131 en y\u00fcksek olan\u0131\u201d <\/i>cevab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Itk, 2; Keff\u00e2r\u00e2t, 6; M\u00fcslim, \u00cem\u00e2n, 136; \u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Itk, 4)<\/p>\n

Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir\u2019in Sa\u2018d isminde bir hizmet\u00e7isi vard\u0131. Sa\u2018d, Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019e hizmet eder, Efendimiz de onun hizmetlerini be\u011fenirdi. Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r birg\u00fcn:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Ey Eb\u00fb Bekir, Sa\u2018d\u2019\u0131 \u00e2z\u00e2d et!\u201d <\/i>buyurdu. Eb\u00fb Bekir t:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Y\u00e2 Ras\u00fblallah! Ondan ba\u015fka hizmet\u00e7imiz yok!\u201d dedi. Ras\u00fblullah r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Sa\u2018d\u2019\u0131 \u00e2z\u00e2d et, sana nice hizmet\u00e7iler gelir, Sa\u2018d\u2019\u0131 \u00e2z\u00e2d et, sana nice hizmet\u00e7iler gelir\u201d <\/i>buyurdu. (Ahmed, I, 199; H\u00e2kim, II, 232\/2848; Heysem\u00ee, IV, 241)<\/p>\n

Birg\u00fcn Ras\u00fblullah r yolda a\u011flamakta olan bir c\u00e2riye g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Ni\u00e7in a\u011fl\u0131yorsun?\u201d<\/i> diye sordu. C\u00e2riye:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Y\u00e2 Ras\u00fblallah! Yanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e2ile bana iki dirhem verip un almaya g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti, paray\u0131 kaybettim!\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n

Nebiyy-i Ekrem r yan\u0131nda kalan son paras\u0131n\u0131 ona verdi. D\u00f6n\u00fcp giderken k\u0131zca\u011f\u0131z\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 a\u011flamakta oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Yan\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131p:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Ni\u00e7in a\u011fl\u0131yorsun, dirhemleri ald\u0131n?!\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. K\u0131zca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Gecikti\u011fim i\u00e7in beni d\u00f6verler diye korkuyorum!\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n

Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r onunla birlikte, hizmet etti\u011fi eve kadar gidip sel\u00e2m verdi. Evdekiler Efendimiz\u2019in sesini tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00e2lde cevap vermediler. Ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sel\u00e2m\u0131nda \u201cVe aleyk\u00fcm sel\u00e2m\u201d diyerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevin\u00e7le d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Ras\u00fblullah r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013\u0130lk sel\u00e2m\u0131 duydunuz mu?\u201d<\/i> buyurdu.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Evet, duyduk y\u00e2 Ras\u00fblallah, ancak \u00e7ok\u00e7a sel\u00e2m verip bizi bereketlendirmenizi arzu ettik. Sizi buraya kadar getiren nedir, annemiz babam\u0131z size fed\u00e2 olsun?!\u201d dediler. Ras\u00fblullah r:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Bu k\u0131zca\u011f\u0131z sizin kendisini d\u00f6vmenizden korktu\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. C\u00e2riyenin sahibi hemen:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013M\u00e2dem siz onunla birlikte buraya kadar te\u015fr\u00eef ettiniz, m\u00e2dem sizin buraya gelmenize ves\u00eele oldu, o art\u0131k Allah i\u00e7in h\u00fcrd\u00fcr!\u201d dedi. Buna \u00e7ok sevinen Ras\u00fblullah r onlar\u0131 hay\u0131rla ve cennetle m\u00fcjdeledi. Sonra da:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Allah\u2019a hamd olsun! B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 kudretiyle bizlere lutfeden O\u2019dur\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. (Heysem\u00ee, IX, 13-14)[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r T\u00e2if<\/b> ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/b> esn\u00e2s\u0131nda kaleden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kendisine kat\u0131lan k\u00f6lelerin \u00e2z\u00e2d edilece\u011fini ilan etmi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine 20 kadar k\u00f6le kaleden \u00e7\u0131karak m\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldu ve h\u00fcrriyetine kavu\u015ftu. Ras\u00fblullah r, ge\u00e7imleri i\u00e7in her birini m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan h\u00e2li vakti yerinde olan bir \u00e2ileye verdi ve bunlara Kur\u2019\u00e2n ile S\u00fcnnet-i Seniyye\u2019yi \u00f6\u011fretmelerini emretti. (V\u00e2k\u0131d\u00ee, III, 931-932)<\/p>\n

Peygamber Efendimiz \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u201cHer kim ortak oldu\u011fu bir k\u00f6le\u00addeki kendine ait pay\u0131 \u00e2z\u00e2d ederse, \u015f\u00e2yet k\u00f6lenin bedeli kadar mal\u0131 bulunuyorsa k\u00f6lenin tam\u00e2m\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fcrriyete kavu\u015fturmas\u0131 \u00fczerine v\u00e2cib olur. \u00c2dil bir k\u0131ymetle k\u00f6lenin bedeli tayin edilip di\u011fer ortaklara hisseleri verilir ve \u00e2z\u00e2d edilen \u015fahs\u0131n yolu a\u00e7\u0131larak serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/i> (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, \u015eirket, 14; Itk, 4)<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026\u015eayet \u00e2z\u00e2d eden ki\u015finin k\u00e2f\u00ee miktarda mal\u0131 yoksa, k\u00f6le (di\u011fer orta\u011f\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in) kendisine a\u011f\u0131r gelmeyecek \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/i> (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, \u015eirket, 14; Itk, 5)<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da bir k\u0131s\u0131m amellerin sev\u00e2b\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bahsedilirken; \u201cK\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmek gibidir!\u201d denilerek insanlar\u0131 h\u00fcrriyete kavu\u015fturman\u0131n ne kadar faz\u00eeletli bir amel oldu\u011fu her f\u0131rsatta hat\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131r.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcnah i\u015fleyen ki\u015fiye, durumu m\u00fcsaitse k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d edip bunu vesile edinerek Allah\u2019tan af dilemesi tavsiye edilir. Yine s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131, bel\u00e2 ve m\u00fbsibetlerden kurtulmak i\u00e7in; G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay tutulmas\u0131 esn\u00e2s\u0131nda; yak\u0131c\u0131 r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ve zelzeleler gibi tabi\u00ee \u00e2fetler vuk\u00fb buldu\u011funda, \u00f6nceden vefat eden ki\u015filerin r\u00fbhunu \u015f\u00e2d etmek i\u00e7in hep k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d\u0131 tavsiye edilir. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Itk, 3; Muvatta\u2019<\/i>, Itk, 13, 14)<\/p>\n

K\u00f6le \u00e2zat etmenin cehennemden kurtulu\u015f sebebi ve \u00e2z\u00e2d edeni cennete g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek bir amel oldu\u011funu ve en faziletli i\u015flerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenen sah\u00e2b\u00eeler, k\u00f6leleri h\u00fcrriyetlerine kavu\u015fturma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir. Nitekim \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda h\u00e2li vakti yerinde olan Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekir<\/b> pek \u00e7ok k\u00f6leyi \u00e2z\u00e2d etmi\u015ftir. (\u0130bn-i Hi\u015f\u00e2m, I, 341; Taber\u00ee, Tefs\u00eer,<\/i> XXX, 279 [Leyl, 5-7]; Suy\u00fbt\u00ee, L\u00fcb\u00e2b, <\/i>s. 257-258)<\/p>\n

\u0130bn-i Hacer, \u015eerhu\u2019l-Minh\u00e2c<\/i>\u2019da Abdurrahman bin Avf<\/b>\u2019\u0131n toplam otuz bin k\u00f6leyi \u00e2z\u00e2d etti\u011fini, bir g\u00fcnde sekiz bin k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etti\u011fini sahih yollardan haber verir.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hz. \u00d6mer,<\/b> Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in tavsiyesi \u00fczerine en k\u0131ymetli ar\u00e2zilerini insanlar\u0131n hayr\u0131na vakfetmi\u015f, koydu\u011fu \u015fartlar aras\u0131nda \u201ck\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d\u0131\u201dna m\u00fchim bir yer vermi\u015ftir. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, \u015eurut, 19; Vas\u00e2y\u00e2, 28; Eyman, 33; M\u00fcslim, Vasiyet, 15)<\/p>\n

Rus yazar\u0131 \u0130van Peresvetov,<\/b> 1547 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinde F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed<\/b>\u2019in son derece c\u00e2lib-i dikkat bir uygulamas\u0131ndan bahseder. \u201cKral Konstantin zaman\u0131nda en de\u011ferli insanlar kral\u0131n soylular\u0131n\u0131n elinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini yitirmi\u015f, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi\u201d diyerek s\u00f6ze ba\u015flayan yazar\u0131n ifadesiyle T\u00fcrk p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Yaln\u0131zca Allah bizim \u00fczerimizdedir ve hepimiz O\u2019nun kulu k\u00f6lesiyiz\u201d<\/i><\/b> diyerek k\u00f6lelik kay\u0131t defterleri ile belgelerin kendisine teslim edilmesini ve yak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Keff\u00e2rette \u0130lk Tercih K\u00f6le \u00c2z\u00e2d\u0131<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m, k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmekle kalmay\u0131p bunu pek \u00e7ok vesileyle mecb\u00fbr tutmu\u015ftur.<\/b> Mesel\u00e2 bir insan hat\u00e2 i\u015flese ve kaz\u00e2 ile bir adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrse, bu durumda \u0130sl\u00e2m ona keff\u00e2ret olarak ilk \u00f6nce k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmeyi emreder. Bundan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, bir insan\u0131n k\u00f6le olmas\u0131 \u00e2det\u00e2 \u00f6lmesine denktir, \u00e2z\u00e2d edilmesi de sanki hayata kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gibidir. Yine bir m\u00fcsl\u00fcman yemin etse, z\u0131h\u00e2r[8]<\/a> yapsa, oru\u00e7 bozsa bunlara keff\u00e2ret olarak ilk \u00f6nce k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmesi istenir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m, devlet gelirlerinden ve zek\u00e2t mallar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d\u0131na ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u00fck\u00e2tebe: K\u00f6lenin Efendisiyle Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u00f6le, belli bir miktar \u00fczerinden anla\u015fma yaparak (m\u00fck\u00e2tebe)<\/b> h\u00fcrriyetine kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in m\u00fcracaat ederse, efendinin bu talebi kabul etmesi ve hatta bu bedeli \u00f6derken k\u00f6lesine madd\u00ee yard\u0131mda bulunmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir.[11]<\/a> Bu durumda k\u00f6leye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kazanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 verilir, o da gerek kazanarak gerekse m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mlarla, anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bedeli \u00f6deyip h\u00fcrriyetine kavu\u015fur. Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026Ellerinizin alt\u0131nda bulunanlardan <\/b>(k\u00f6leler ve c\u00e2riyelerden) m\u00fck\u00e2tebe yapmak isteyenlerle, e\u011fer kendilerinde bir hay\u0131r <\/b>(kabiliyet ve g\u00fcvenilirlik) g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z, hemen m\u00fck\u00e2tebe yap\u0131n! Allah\u2019\u0131n size vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu mal\u0131ndan siz de onlara verin!..\u201d<\/b> (N\u00fbr, 33)<\/b><\/p>\n

Nitekim Selm\u00e2n-\u0131 F\u00e2ris\u00ee<\/b> ile Eb\u00fc\u2019l-M\u00fcemmil<\/b>\u2019in kitabet bedeli Ras\u00fblullah r Efendimiz ve ashab\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, Ber\u00eere<\/b>\u2019nin her y\u0131l 1 uk\u0131yye (40 dirhem) olmak \u00fczere toplam 9 uk\u0131yye alt\u0131n tutar\u0131ndaki kitabet bedeli Hz. \u00c2i\u015fe c taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6den\u00admi\u015f, C\u00fcveyriye <\/b>bint-i H\u00e2ris\u2019in kitabet bede\u00adlini de Ras\u00fblullah r vermi\u015ftir.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m, h\u00fcr erkekten \u00e7ocuk do\u011furan bir c\u00e2riyenin ve \u00e7ocu\u011funun h\u00fcr olmas\u0131 prensibini getirmi\u015ftir.[13]<\/a> B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar o devrin i\u00e7tim\u00e2\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee \u015fartlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok m\u00fchim geli\u015fmelerdir.<\/p>\n

Hatta \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri zorlamayla, sarho\u015fken ve \u015faka yoluyla k\u00f6le \u00e2z\u00e2d etmeyi bile ge\u00e7erli saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir husus da \u015fudur, be\u015ferde aslolan h\u00fcrriyet oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bir ki\u015fi h\u00e2kime m\u00fcr\u00e2caat edip h\u00fcr oldu\u011funu iddia etse h\u00e2kim, bu iddiay\u0131 yalanlayan kimse bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, di\u011fer mu\u00e2melelerde oldu\u011fu gibi delil aramaks\u0131z\u0131n hemen h\u00fcr olmas\u0131na h\u00fckmeder.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u00f6le \u00e2zad\u0131 \u00fczerinde bu kadar \u0131srarla durulmas\u0131 ve ona b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fck\u00e2f\u00e2tlar verilmesi, insano\u011flunun Allah kat\u0131nda ne kadar k\u0131ymetli oldu\u011funu ve Allah\u2019a kul olarak yarat\u0131lan insan\u0131n kula kulluktan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ehemmiyetini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6leye \u0130yi Davranmay\u0131 Emretti<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m, k\u00f6leli\u011fin yolunu kapatm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6nceden beri k\u00f6le olanlar\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gayret sarfetmi\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ra\u011fmen k\u00f6le olarak kalan insanlar\u0131n ise h\u00e2llerini \u0131sl\u00e2h etmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6leye k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yorulmas\u0131n\u0131 kesinlikle yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin k\u0131sas yoluyla haklar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, bek\u00e2r olanlar\u0131n evlendirilmesini emretmi\u015ftir.[15]<\/a> K\u00f6le sahibine d\u00e2im\u00e2; \u201cYedi\u011finden yedir, i\u00e7ti\u011finden i\u00e7ir, giydi\u011finden giydir, oru\u00e7luyken fazla y\u00fck ve i\u015f y\u00fckleme, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la!\u201d telk\u00eeninde bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130sl\u00e2m, k\u00f6leler i\u00e7in \u00f6yle haklar getirmi\u015ftir ki, bunlara ri\u00e2yet edildi\u011finde neredeyse k\u00f6le almak bir nev\u00ee k\u00f6le olmak<\/i><\/b> m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak:<\/p>\n

\u201cEllerinizin alt\u0131nda bulunanlara iyi davran\u0131n!\u201d <\/b>buyurur. <\/b>(Nis\u00e2, 36)<\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r de \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n

\u201cOnlar sizin karde\u015flerinizdir; yedi\u011finizden yedirin, i\u00e7ti\u011finizden i\u00e7irin!\u201d<\/i> (M\u00fcslim, Eym\u00e2n, 36-38)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cBirinize hizmetk\u00e2r\u0131 yeme\u011fini getirince, onu beraber yemek \u00fczere sofras\u0131na oturtmayacaksa, hi\u00e7 olmazsa bir iki lokma veya yiyecek bir iki \u015fey versin. Zira yeme\u011fin har\u00e2retini ve zahmetini o \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/i> (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Et\u2018ime, 55; Tirmiz\u00ee, Et\u2018ime, 44)<\/p>\n

\u201cOnlara, evl\u00e2tlar\u0131n\u0131za ikr\u00e2m etti\u011finiz gibi iyilikte bulunun!\u201d <\/i>(\u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Edeb, 10)<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00f6lenin, efendisi \u00fczerinde \u00fc\u00e7 hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r: Namaz k\u0131larken acele ettirmemesi, yemekten kald\u0131rmamas\u0131 ve onu iyice doyurmas\u0131.\u201d<\/i> (Heysem\u00ee, IV, 237)<\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r bizzat kendisi, k\u00f6leler, hizmet\u00e7iler ve fakirlerin aras\u0131na girer, onlarla konu\u015fur, d\u00e2vetlerine ic\u00e2bet eder, hastalar\u0131n\u0131 ziy\u00e2ret eder ve cen\u00e2zelerine kat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00f6leler arpa ekme\u011fine bile d\u00e2vet etseler bunu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemez, ic\u00e2bet ederdi. (Heysem\u00ee, IX, 20)<\/p>\n

Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in k\u00f6lelere kar\u015f\u0131 merhameti o hadde varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, bir kimsenin onlar hakk\u0131nda; \u00abk\u00f6lem, c\u00e2riyem\u00bb <\/b>demesine dah\u00ee g\u00f6nl\u00fc r\u00e2z\u0131 olmaz, \u00abo\u011flum, k\u0131z\u0131m\u00bb<\/b> diye hit\u00e2b edilmesini emir buyururdu. (M\u00fcslim, Elf\u00e2z, 13-15; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, Edeb, 83\/4975, 4976)<\/p>\n

C\u00e2hiliyede insan yerine konulmayan her hangi bir hizmet\u00e7i kad\u0131n (c\u00e2riye), art\u0131k Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak kendisiyle hus\u00fbs\u00ee g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme talep edip derdini anlatabiliyordu. <\/b>(Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Edeb, 61)<\/p>\n

Eskiden, \u00e2z\u00e2d edilmi\u015f k\u00f6lelere mev\u00e2l\u00ee<\/b> denilir ve h\u00fcrlerle aralar\u0131nda bir stat\u00fc fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilirdi. Ras\u00fblullah r bu fark\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak maksad\u0131yla \u00e2z\u00e2d etti\u011fi k\u00f6lesi Zeyd\u2019i halas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 Zeyneb ile; Zeyd\u2019in o\u011flu \u00dcs\u00e2me\u2019yi de Kurey\u015fli bir \u00e2ilenin k\u0131z\u0131 F\u00e2t\u0131ma bint-i Kays ile evlendirmi\u015ftir.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yine Ras\u00fblullah r Muh\u00e2cirler ile Ens\u00e2r aras\u0131nda karde\u015flik akdi yaparken \u00e2z\u00e2dl\u0131-h\u00fcr ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mu\u00e2h\u00e2t denilen bu h\u00e2disede Ras\u00fblullah r k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenlilerden Bil\u00e2l\u2019i, Abdullah bin Abdurrahman ile;[17]<\/a> Selm\u00e2n-\u0131 F\u00e2ris\u00ee\u2019yi, Eb\u00fb\u2019d-Derd\u00e2 ile;[18]<\/a> S\u00e2lim\u2019i, Mu\u00e2z bin M\u00e2iz ile;[19]<\/a> Amm\u00e2r\u2019\u0131 da Huzeyfe el-Yem\u00e2n\u00ee ile[20]<\/a> karde\u015f il\u00e2n etmi\u015ftir y. O zaman\u0131n m\u00fc\u015frikleri de zaten buna itiraz ediyorlard\u0131. \u201cK\u00f6leler bizimle ayn\u0131 seviyede mi olacak?\u201d diye kendilerini \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019dan uzakla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r mev\u00e2liye devlet kademelerinde vaz\u00eefe dah\u00ee vermi\u015ftir. Nitekim Zeyd ile o\u011flu \u00dcs\u00e2me\u2019yi muhtelif zamanlarda ordu kumandan\u0131 olarak t\u00e2yin etmi\u015ftir.[21]<\/a> Di\u011fer taraftan Hz. Eb\u00fb Bekr\u2019in azatl\u0131s\u0131 Bil\u00e2l-i Habe\u015f\u00ee, Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019e m\u00fcezzinlik vazifesi yan\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman beyt\u00fc\u2019l-mal sorumlusu olarak el\u00e7ileri a\u011f\u0131rlamak ve onlara ikramda bulunmak gibi vazifeler if\u00e2 etmi\u015ftir.[22]<\/a> Zira Efendimiz liy\u00e2kate ehemmiyet veriyordu. Bu sebeple \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu:<\/p>\n

\u201cSize, Allah\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 takv\u00e2 sahibi olman\u0131z\u0131, O\u2019na \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 duyman\u0131z\u0131, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131za bir Habe\u015fli k\u00f6le bile emir olsa, onu dinleyip itaat etmenizi tavsiye ederim.\u201d<\/i> (Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, S\u00fcnnet 5\/4607; Tirmizi, \u0130lim 16; \u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Mukaddime 6)<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece bu sah\u00e2b\u00eelerin hayatlar\u0131, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n bereketiyle Hz. Y\u00fbsuf gibi \u201ck\u00f6lelikten sultanl\u0131\u011fa\u201d <\/b>\u015feklinde bir seyir takip etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, hizmet\u00e7i ve k\u00f6lelerin e\u011fitimiyle de me\u015fgul olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n bu g\u00fczel tavr\u0131, sahabe d\u00f6neminden itibaren hizmet\u00e7i ve k\u00f6le k\u00f6kenli kimselerden nice \u00e2limlerin yeti\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Selm\u00e2n-\u0131 F\u00e2ris\u00ee, Bil\u00e2l-i Habe\u015f\u00ee, \u0130krime, N\u00e2f\u00ee, M\u00fcc\u00e2hid, Hasan-\u0131 Basr\u00ee, \u0130bn-i S\u00eerin, Sultan Gazneli Mahm\u00fbd, K\u00e2f\u00fbr-\u0131 \u0130h\u015fid\u00ee, Sadrazam Mahm\u00fbd Pa\u015fa, Y\u00e2k\u00fbt-i Hamev\u00ee gibi \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetindeki pek \u00e7ok me\u015fhur \u015fahsiyet bunlardand\u0131r.[23]<\/a> \u0130bn-i Abb\u00e2s v, k\u00f6lesi \u0130krime<\/b>\u2019yi aya\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u011flayarak ilim \u00f6\u011frenmeye zorlam\u0131\u015f, neticede onu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile ilminden istifade edilen ender \u00e2limler seviyesine y\u00fckseltmi\u015ftir. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Hus\u00fbm\u00e2t, 7; D\u00e2rim\u00ee, Mukaddime, 46)<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m insanlara \u00f6yle bir anlay\u0131\u015f kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar hizmet\u00e7ileriyle birlikte yolculuk yaparken binitleri bir tane ise ona n\u00f6betle\u015fe binmi\u015flerdir. Mesel\u00e2 Hz. \u00d6mer Kud\u00fcs\u2019e giderken b\u00f6yle yapm\u0131\u015f, \u0130brahim Hakk\u0131 Erzur\u00fbm\u00ee de ayn\u0131 ahl\u00e2k-\u0131 ham\u00eedeyi tatb\u00eek etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6leye K\u00f6t\u00fc Davranmay\u0131 \u015eiddetle Yasaklad\u0131<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Peygamber Efendimiz, hangi seviyede olursa olsun insan g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fcn incinmesini asl\u00e2 istemezdi. \u015e\u00f6yle buyururdu:<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00f6le ve hizmet\u00e7ilerine k\u00f6t\u00fc mu\u00e2melede bulunan kimse cennete giremez!\u201d<\/i> (Tirmiz\u00ee, Birr, 29\/1946; Ahmed, I, 7)<\/p>\n

Birg\u00fcn Ras\u00fblullah r, Eb\u00fb Zer\u2019in -gafleten- k\u00f6lesine sert davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit oldu. \u00c7ok \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc ve:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Ey Eb\u00e2 Zer! Sen h\u00e2l\u00e2 c\u00e2hiliye \u00e2deti \u00fczere misin!\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. Devamla: \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar verme! Me\u015frebine uymuyorsa onu \u00e2z\u00e2d et; fazla y\u00fck y\u00fckleme; y\u00fckledi\u011finde ise ona yard\u0131mc\u0131 ol!\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, \u00cem\u00e2n, 22; M\u00fcslim, Eym\u00e2n, 38; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Edeb, 123-124)<\/p>\n

T\u00e2bi\u00een fakihlerinden Hayseme bin Abdurrahman diyor ki, birg\u00fcn ash\u00e2b-\u0131 kir\u00e2mdan hocam Abdullah bin Amr ile oturuyorduk. Yan\u0131na k\u00e2hyas\u0131 geldi ve ona:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212K\u00f6lelerin yiyeceklerini verdin mi\u201d diye sordu. K\u00e2hya:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Hay\u0131r, vermedim\u201d deyince:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212\u00d6yleyse hemen git, yiyeceklerini ver. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ras\u00fblullah r:<\/p>\n

\u00abK\u00f6lelerinin nafakas\u0131n\u0131 ihm\u00e2l etmek, insana g\u00fcnah olarak yeter\u201d<\/i> buyurmu\u015ftur\u201d dedi. (M\u00fcslim, Zek\u00e2t, 40)<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m, ba\u015fta k\u00f6le ve hizmet\u00e7iler olmak \u00fczere zay\u0131f insanlar hakk\u0131nda \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi hi\u00e7bir zaman hat\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131karmamay\u0131 tavsiye eder: \u201c\u015eu anda onlar hizmet\u00e7i mevkiindeler. Ancak onlar efendi biz hizmet\u00e7i olabilirdik. O h\u00e2lde kendimize nas\u0131l davran\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorsak onlara da \u00f6yle mu\u00e2mele edelim.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r, ash\u00e2b\u0131ndan, k\u00f6lelerin kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00e2im\u00e2 affetmelerini isterdi. \u00d6yle ki:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Hizmet\u00e7imizin kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 ne kadar affedelim?\u201d diye soran sah\u00e2b\u00eeye:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2013Onu her g\u00fcn yetmi\u015f defa affediniz!\u201d<\/i> cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. (Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Edeb, 123-124\/5164; Tirmiz\u00ee, Birr, 31\/1949)<\/p>\n

\u201cKim, i\u015flemedi\u011fi bir su\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 k\u00f6lesini d\u00f6ver veya sebepsiz yere tokatlarsa, bunun keff\u00e2reti o k\u00f6leyi \u00e2z\u00e2d etmesidir.\u201d<\/i> buyururdu. <\/i>(M\u00fcslim, Eym\u00e2n, 30, 32)<\/p>\n

Eb\u00fb Mes\u2019\u00fbd el-Bedr\u00ee<\/b> t \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n

K\u00f6lemi kam\u00e7\u0131 ile d\u00f6verken arkamdan:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Ey Eb\u00fb Mes\u2018\u00fbd, bilesin ki\u2026\u201d<\/i> diye bir ses duydum. Ancak k\u0131zg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131mdan sesin sahibini tan\u0131yamad\u0131m, s\u00f6z\u00fcn devam\u0131n\u0131 da anlayamad\u0131m. Yakla\u015f\u0131nca bir de ne g\u00f6reyim Ras\u00fblullah r de\u011fil mi! Bana:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Ey Eb\u00fb Mes\u2019\u00fbd! Senin bu k\u00f6leye g\u00fcc\u00fcn yetiyor ancak bilesin ki Allah\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc sana bundan daha fazla yeter!\u201d<\/i> buyuruyordu. Hemen:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Bundan b\u00f6yle bir daha asla k\u00f6le d\u00f6vmeyece\u011fim\u201d dedim. Sonra:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Ey Allah\u2019\u0131n Ras\u00fbl\u00fc! Allah r\u0131z\u00e2s\u0131 i\u00e7in bu k\u00f6leyi \u00e2zat ettim\u201d dedim. Ras\u00fbl-i Ekrem Efendimiz:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2212Beri bak! E\u011fer b\u00f6yle yapmasayd\u0131n seni mutlaka ate\u015f yakard\u0131 ya da cehennem ate\u015fi seni sarard\u0131\u201d<\/i> buyurdu. (M\u00fcslim, Eym\u00e2n, 34, 35)<\/p>\n

Ras\u00fblullah r, son \u00e2n\u0131na kadar zay\u0131flar\u0131 ve k\u00f6leleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, son nefeslerini k\u00f6lelerin hakk\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza i\u00e7in harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcmm\u00fc Seleme<\/b> v\u00e2lidemiz \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n

\u201cRas\u00fblullah r Efendimiz\u2019in son vasiyetlerinden biri:<\/p>\n

\u00abAman namaza dikkat ediniz! Aman namaza dikkat ediniz! Emriniz alt\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerin haklar\u0131na ri\u00e2yet ediniz!\u00bb<\/i> s\u00f6zleri oldu. Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r bu s\u00f6zleri o kadar tekrarlad\u0131 ki, m\u00fcb\u00e2rek lis\u00e2n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyemeyecek h\u00e2le gelince, bunlar\u0131 i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e tekrar etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.\u201d (Ahmed, VI, 290, 315)<\/p>\n

H\u00e2s\u0131l\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m, getirdi\u011fi prensiplerle k\u00f6leyle efendiyi birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131, k\u00f6lenin h\u00fcr insanlardan fazla bir fark\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Neticede \u0130sl\u00e2m, bir zul\u00fcm m\u00fcessesesi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f bulunan k\u00f6leli\u011fi, <\/i>\u201cancak isimden ib\u00e2ret\u201d b\u0131rakarak, zamanla tabi\u00ee bir s\u00fbrette ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi merhamet ve \u015fefkatin bir bereketi olarak k\u00f6lelik zamanla ehemmiyetini yitirdi. Bir\u00e7ok sah\u00e2b\u00ee, kul hakk\u0131 endi\u015fesiyle k\u00f6lelerini k\u0131sa zamanda \u00e2z\u00e2d ettiler. Bilhassa Hz. \u00d6mer, <\/b>k\u00f6leli\u011fin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fcc\u00e2dele verdi ve bir tak\u0131m tedbirler ald\u0131. Memurlar\u0131n\u0131n, hastalanan k\u00f6leleri ziy\u00e2ret etmediklerini haber ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onlar\u0131 vazifeden azlederdi. Her cumartesi Med\u00eene\u2019nin kenar semtlerine gider, herhangi bir k\u00f6leyi g\u00fcc\u00fc yetmeyece\u011fi bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00f6r\u00fcrse, ondan bu i\u015fi al\u0131rd\u0131. (Muvatta\u2019<\/i>, \u0130sti\u2019z\u00e2n, 41)<\/p>\n

Yine Hz. \u00d6mer t M\u0131s\u0131r ve Irak gibi memleketlerde hi\u00e7 kimsenin esir ve k\u00f6le mu\u00e2melesi g\u00f6rmesine m\u00fcs\u00e2ade etmedi. Bu hususta yap\u0131lan \u0131srarlar\u0131 da dikkate almad\u0131. Bir defas\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m askerleri taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan getirilen k\u00f6leleri serbest b\u0131rakarak tekrar memleketlerine g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Zira Hz. \u0130sm\u00e2il\u2019in annesi Hz. Hacer c ile Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in han\u0131m\u0131 M\u00e2riye c M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 idiler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. Hz. \u00d6mer t nihayet Arabistan\u2019da k\u00f6leli\u011fi tamamen kald\u0131rmaya muvaffak oldu.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu durumda \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki, \u0130sl\u00e2m, k\u00f6leli\u011fi kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn tedbirleri alm\u0131\u015f, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7areye ba\u015fvurmu\u015f ve bunu bir insanl\u0131k ideali h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6leli\u011fin giri\u015f kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2n nisbetinde kapatm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6lelerin h\u00fcrriyete kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 her f\u0131rsatta te\u015fv\u00eek etmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00f6leler i\u00e7in de bir huk\u00fbk\u00ee yap\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, insanl\u0131k tarihinde ilk ve yeg\u00e2ne olu\u015funun yan\u0131nda, k\u00f6leyi bir insan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp haklar\u0131 bulundu\u011funu herkese kabul ettirmesi ve pratik hayata yans\u0131tmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok m\u00fchimdir. B\u00f6yle bir geli\u015fme, k\u00f6le ve c\u00e2riyelerin birer mal say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 o g\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011fil, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131nda bile asla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek bir ehemmiyete sahiptir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019da k\u00f6leli\u011fe ait h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin mevc\u00fbdiyetinin bir hikmeti de, insano\u011flu var olduk\u00e7a ortadan kalkmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bulunan harpler ve bunlar\u0131n tabi\u00ee bir neticesi olarak mevcut olagelen harp esirleridir. \u0130sl\u00e2m niz\u00e2m\u0131n\u0131n en belirgin vasf\u0131 \u015fefkat ve merhamet oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, harp esirlerinin h\u00fcr insanlar seviyesine y\u00fckseltilmesini ister. Sava\u015fta esir d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve bir \u015fekilde \u00f6z yurduna d\u00f6nememi\u015f olan insanlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacak bir \u00e7at\u0131 sa\u011flar. Di\u011fer bir hedef de bu insanlar\u0131 e\u011fitmek ve onlara k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini art\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in en iyi \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Yoksa \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n g\u00e2yesi, bizden farkl\u0131 olmayan zavall\u0131 insanlar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek de\u011fildir.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eu da ac\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir ki, bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde a\u00e7lar, a\u00e7\u0131klar, i\u015fsizler, evsizler, g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczler var ve bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, eski k\u00f6le ve c\u00e2riyeler gibi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. O h\u00e2lde insanl\u0131k k\u00f6leli\u011fi kald\u0131rmakla yapmas\u0131 gerekenin ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oldu. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n hedefi b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada insana yara\u015f\u0131r bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ad\u00e2letin tahakkuk etmesidir. Bu sebeple zek\u00e2t\u0131, inf\u00e2k\u0131, c\u00f6mertli\u011fi, yard\u0131mseverli\u011fi \u0131srarla te\u015fvik etmektedir. Zira o yoksul insanlar\u0131 kurtarmad\u0131k\u00e7a b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir vebal alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Dine inanmayanlar\u0131n da hi\u00e7 de\u011filse haks\u0131z yere akan kandan, g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131ndan ve \u00e7ekilen \u0131zd\u0131raplardan dolay\u0131 vicdanlar\u0131 s\u0131zlamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Ahmet \u00d6zel, \u201cEsir\u201d mad., D\u0130A,<\/i> XI, 382.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Beled, 10-13; Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Keff\u00e2r\u00e2t 6; Itk 2; M\u00fcslim, Itk, 22-23; \u00cem\u00e2n 136.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a> Di\u011fer \u00e2yetler i\u00e7in bkz. Nis\u00e2, 92; M\u00e2ide, 89; Tevbe, 60; M\u00fcc\u00e2dele, 3; Beled, 11-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a> Bu engin merhametin \u0130sl\u00e2m t\u00e2rihindeki n\u00e2dide mis\u00e2llerinden biri de \u015fudur: II. Mahm\u00fbd\u2019un \u00e2ilesi Bezmi\u00e2lem V\u00e2lide Sultan,<\/b> \u015eam\u2019da bir vak\u0131f tesis etmi\u015ftir ki, vakfiyesinin bir maddesi de; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hizmetk\u00e2rlar\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fy\u00e2lar\u0131 veya bilmeyerek verdikleri z\u00e2yi\u00e2t\u0131 tazmin etmektir. G\u00e2ye, onlar\u0131n hak\u00e2rete m\u00e2ruz kal\u0131p da kalplerinin k\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131, haysiyetlerinin rencide edilmemesidir.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a> Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Edeb, 100-101\/5077; Nes\u00e2\u00ee, Cih\u00e2d, 26; Ahmed, II, 3; II, 360.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]<\/a> Bkz. \u0130bn-i All\u00e2n, Del\u00eel\u00fc’l-f\u00e2lih\u00een,<\/i> IV, 159.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]<\/a> Altan Aykut, \u201c\u0130van Peresvetov ve Sultan Mehmet Menk\u0131besi\u201d, Belleten,<\/i> Ankara 1983, XLVI, sy. 184, s. 866.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a> Z\u0131h\u00e2r<\/b>: Kocan\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, nik\u00e2h\u0131 kendisine ebediyyen haram olan kad\u0131nlardan birisinin bak\u0131lmas\u0131 c\u00e2iz olmayan s\u0131rt\u0131, karn\u0131, uylu\u011fu gibi bir yerine benzetmesidir. Bu benzetmeye z\u0131h\u00e2r denilmesi bunun \u00e7o\u011fu kez \u201cSen bana annemin s\u0131rt\u0131 gibi haram ol!\u201d diye \u201czahr\u201da, yani s\u0131rta nisbetle yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyledir. C\u00e2hiliye d\u00f6neminde z\u0131har bir nev\u00ee tal\u00e2k (bo\u015fama) say\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u0130sl\u00e2m bu t\u00fcr tal\u00e2k\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015f, z\u0131h\u00e2r yapanlar\u0131n keff\u00e2ret vererek han\u0131mlar\u0131na d\u00f6nmelerini istemi\u015ftir. (M\u00fcc\u00e2dele, 3)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]<\/a> Nis\u00e2, 92; M\u00e2ide, 89; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Tal\u00e2k, 16-17\/2213.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]<\/a> Tevbe, 60.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]<\/a> M\u00fck\u00e2tebe<\/b> s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapan k\u00f6le\/c\u00e2riye, efendisinin m\u00fclkiyetinden \u00e7\u0131kmamakla birlikte s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren kendi ad\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, hukuk\u00ee tasarruflarda bulunma, mallar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olma, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kazan\u00e7 elde edebilmesi i\u00e7in yolculu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma hak ve sal\u00e2hiyetlerini elde eder. Efendisinin onun \u00fczerindeki tasarruf yetkisi sona erer, art\u0131k onu rehin veremez, \u00fccretini almak \u00fczere i\u015f\u00e7i yapamaz, kendisine hizmet etmeye, i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlayamaz, c\u00e2riye ise istifra\u015f edemez, mal\u0131na ve can\u0131na verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 tazmin eder. M\u00fck\u00e2tebin kitabet esnas\u0131nda sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u00e2riyesinden do\u011fan \u00e7ocu\u011fu da kendisine t\u00e2bi olarak h\u00fcr olur. M\u00fck\u00e2teb al\u0131m sat\u0131m, kiralama, rehin al\u0131p verme vb. hukuk\u00ee tasarruflarda bulunabilirse de ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, vasiyet, vak\u0131f gibi teberru mahiyetinde olan tasarruflar ve evlenme konusunda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi bedeli tamamen \u00f6deyinceye kadar devam eder. (Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Atar, \u201cM\u00fck\u00e2tebe\u201d mad., D\u0130A<\/i>, XXXI, 533)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, M\u00fck\u00e2teb, 3, 4; M\u00fcslim, Itk, 6; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, It\u00e2k, 2; Ahmed, V, 443, 444; Ayn\u00ee, Umde,<\/i> XIII, 116.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[13]<\/a> Nik\u00e2h akdi, ikisi de h\u00fcr olan erkekle kad\u0131n\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na uyarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e2ile kurma ve cins\u00ee y\u00f6nden birbirinden faydalanma konulu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. C\u00e2riyeye sahip olmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan akit ve tasarruf da (sat\u0131n alma, miras, ganimet veya ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yoluyla elde etme…) bir huk\u00fbk\u00ee i\u015flemdir ve bu huk\u00fbk\u00ee i\u015flem, sahibi ile c\u00e2riye aras\u0131nda kar\u0131-koca gibi ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131 da vermekte, nik\u00e2h akdinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kapsaml\u0131 olarak onun yerine de ge\u00e7mektedir. \u015eu h\u00e2lde \u201cC\u00e2riyelerle nik\u00e2hs\u0131z cinsel temas yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131\u201d gibi bir s\u00f6z sapt\u0131rma niyeti veya cahillikten kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. (http:\/\/www.hayrettinkaraman.<\/b>net\/yazi\/hayat2\/0269.htm)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[14]<\/a> Bkz. \u0130. Hakk\u0131 \u0130zmirli, Anglikan Kilisesine Cevap,<\/i> sad. Fahri Unan, Ankara 2004, s. 109-110.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[15]<\/a> Bakara, 178; N\u00fbr, 32. Bir ki\u015fi, k\u00f6lesi ile c\u00e2riyesini evlendirmi\u015fti. Daha sonra onlar\u0131 bo\u015fanmaya zorlad\u0131. K\u00f6le, durumu Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019ne arz etti. Bunun \u00fczerine Ras\u00fblullah J duruma m\u00fcd\u00e2hale ederek bu haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa m\u00e2n\u00ee oldu. (\u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Tal\u00e2k, 31; Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, Keb\u00eer,<\/i> XI, 300)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[16]<\/a> M\u00fcslim, Tal\u00e2k, 36; Tirmiz\u00ee, Nik\u00e2h, 38; \u0130bn-i Hacer, el-\u0130s\u00e2be,<\/i> I, 564.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> \u0130bn-i Sa\u2018d, III, 233, 234.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[18]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Edeb, 67.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> \u0130bn-i Abdi\u2019l-Berr, II, 567.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[20]<\/a> H\u00e2kim, III, 435.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[21]<\/a> Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Ash\u00e2bu\u2019n-Neb\u00ee, 17; \u0130bn-i Hacer, el-\u0130s\u00e2be,<\/i> I, 564.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a> \u0130bn-i Sa\u2018d, I, 246, 294, 298, 323; \u0130bn-i Hacer, el-\u0130s\u00e2be,<\/i> I, 165.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[23]<\/a> Bkz. \u0130. Hakk\u0131 \u0130zmirli, Anglikan Kilisesine Cevap,<\/i> s. 109.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[24]<\/a> Ramazano\u011flu Mahm\u00fbd S\u00e2mi, Hazreti \u00d6meru\u2019l-F\u00e2ruk -rad\u0131yallahu anh-,<\/i> \u0130stanbul ts., s. 158-160.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> Prof. Dr. Muhammed Ham\u00eedullah, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a Giri\u015f,<\/i> s. 115.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00f6lelik m\u00fcessesesinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi olarak belirli bir zaman dilimini g\u00f6stermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zaman zaman insanlar bu konuda o kadar ileri gitmi\u015flerdir ki mesel\u00e2 Romal\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde k\u00f6lelerin say\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fcrlerin \u00fc\u00e7 misline… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8],"tags":[407,37,38],"class_list":["post-328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ebediyolharitasiislam","tag-islamda-kolelik","tag-kole","tag-kolelik"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3G27m-5i","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=328"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10494,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/328\/revisions\/10494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}