{"id":3328,"date":"2013-08-23T17:25:49","date_gmt":"2013-08-23T15:25:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=3328"},"modified":"2013-11-30T10:56:36","modified_gmt":"2013-11-30T08:56:36","slug":"1-ilim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=3328","title":{"rendered":"1. \u0130lim"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri \u201cBilgi\u201d<\/b> kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda um\u00fbmiyetle \u201c\u0130lim\u201d<\/b> ve \u201cMarifet\u201d<\/b> kelimelerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130lim, bir \u015feyi hakikatiyle yani ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kavramakt\u0131r[2]<\/a>. Bilenin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi mevz\u00fbyu b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleri ve alanlar\u0131yla ku\u015fat\u0131p anlamas\u0131na ih\u00e2ta, <\/b>onu tam olarak kavramas\u0131na vuk\u00fbf<\/b>, ayn\u0131 mevz\u00fbda derinle\u015fip uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131na da r\u00fcs\u00fbh<\/b> denilmektedir. Bilgide kesinli\u011fi if\u00e2de etmek i\u00e7in yak\u00een<\/b>, kesinli\u011fe yakla\u015f\u0131lan veya uzakla\u015f\u0131lan durumlar\u0131 ifade etmek \u00fczere de zan<\/b>, \u015fek,<\/b> \u015f\u00fcphe<\/b>, reyb<\/b>, vehim <\/b>gibi terimler kullan\u0131l\u0131r[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ancak Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem, insanlar\u0131n bilgisi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cilim\u201d kelimesine yeni bir m\u00e2n\u00e2 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019a g\u00f6re ilim, ba\u015fkas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Allah\u2019\u0131n vahyinden al\u0131nan bilgidir.<\/i><\/b> Kelimenin tam m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131yla sa\u011flamd\u0131r, hakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yeg\u00e2ne hakik\u00ee varl\u0131ktan gelmektedir. Bu \u00f6ylesine sa\u011flam bir kaynakt\u0131r ki, di\u011fer kaynaklar bununla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, temelde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck, mesnedsiz ve g\u00fcvenilmez kal\u0131r. Bu durumda eski ilim, yani bir kimsenin kendi veya kabilesinin tecr\u00fcbesinden kaynaklanan ve bu sebeple sa\u011flam kabul edilen bilgi, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n t\u00e2rifine g\u00f6re zan derecesine d\u00fc\u015fmektedir[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130lim s\u0131fat\u0131, M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00ee ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Ehli S\u00fcnnet \u00e2limlerince um\u00fbmiyetle kad\u00eem<\/b> ve h\u00e2dis<\/b> olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Kad\u00eem bilgi ile Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmi, h\u00e2dis bilgi ile de insanlar\u0131n bilgisi kastedilmektedir[5]<\/a>. Kad\u00eem bilgi; \u00f6ncesiz, yani bir ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmayan bilgi demektir. Bu Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n z\u00e2t\u0131 ile beraber bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n bilgisine benzemez. Ehl-i s\u00fcnnet ulem\u00e2s\u0131, buna genel olarak \u201cMutlak \u0130lim\u201d<\/b> ismini verir. Zira hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olmay\u0131p hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t ve \u015farta ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunmayan, gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k her \u015feyi kesin ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bi\u00e7imde kavrayan bilgi, ancak Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n bilgisi olabilir. Bir tak\u0131m kay\u0131t ve \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan insan bilgisi ise \u201c\u0130z\u00e2f\u00ee Bilgi\u201d<\/b>dir[6]<\/a>. Kad\u00eem bilgi, gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k, olmu\u015f ve olacak her \u015feyi ihtiv\u00e2 etti\u011fi i\u00e7in Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2, hem \u201cL\u00e2t\u00eef\u201d<\/b> (e\u015fyan\u0131n esr\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 bilen), hem de \u201cHab\u00eer\u201d<\/b> (e\u015fyan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc bilen) s\u0131fatlar\u0131yla tavsif edilmi\u015ftir[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kelam \u00e2limleri, Allah\u2019\u0131n ilminin, kad\u00eem (ezel\u00ee) olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen teallukunun (ilgisinin) h\u00e2dis olabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Zira Allah\u2019\u0131n ilminin olaylara iki t\u00fcrl\u00fc tealluku vard\u0131r: Biri, var olmadan \u00f6ncekidir ki ezel\u00eedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 ezelde \u201cHer \u015feyi bilen\u201ddir. \u0130kincisi, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra zevalsiz ve sonsuz bilgisidir ki, Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 sonsuzluk i\u00e7inde her \u015feyi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra, mevcut veya f\u00e2n\u00ee olarak da oldu\u011fu gibi bilir ve bu ikisi aras\u0131ndaki fark, Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmindeki bir de\u011fi\u015fmeyi de\u011fil, bilinenin h\u00e2lindeki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ifade eder[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan \u00eek\u00e2n<\/b>, f\u0131k\u0131h<\/b> ve marifet<\/b> gibi zihn\u00ee faaliyet sonucu elde edilen bilgiyi ifade eden kelimeler, kad\u00eem bilgiye isim olarak verilemez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u015fuur, f\u0131tnat, idr\u00e2k, ihs\u00e2s, akl, va\u2018y, der\u2019<\/b> vb. ilmin hus\u00fbs\u00ee h\u00e2llerine del\u00e2let eden kelimeler de Allah\u2019\u0131n bilmesini ifade i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaz. \u0130lim, bir \u015feyi, arada sebep ve v\u00e2s\u0131ta bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n bizzat bilmeyi, bir tecell\u00ee ve zuh\u00fbru if\u00e2de etti\u011fi ve daha \u015f\u00fcmull\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Allah\u2019\u0131n bilgisinden \u201cilim\u201d<\/b> olarak bahsedilmekte ve kendisine de el-Al\u00eem<\/b> denilmektedir[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cel-Al\u00eem\u201d,<\/b> Allah\u2019\u0131n vasf\u0131 olarak: \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fte olan\u0131, \u015fu andakini ve gelecekte olacak \u015feyleri bilen, kendisine k\u00e2inattan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey gizli kalmayan ve ilmi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-b\u00fcy\u00fck, z\u00e2hir-b\u00e2t\u0131n her \u015feyi ku\u015fatan\u201d diye tarif edilir[10]<\/a>. Yine Allah i\u00e7in \u201cA\u2018lem:<\/b> Daha iyi, en iyi, pek iyi bilen\u201d, \u201c\u00c2lim:<\/b> Bilen, bilici\u201d s\u0131fatlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da ge\u00e7en \u201c\u00c2lim\u201d vasf\u0131, hemen her yerde gayba muz\u00e2f olarak gelmi\u015ftir[11]<\/a>. \u0130ki \u00e2yette zikredilen \u201c\u00c2lim\u00een\u201d<\/b> ise, \u00c2lim m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131na cem\u00ee (Azamet Cem\u2018i)<\/b> olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00eega, f\u00e2ilin azametini veya fiili hakk\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden, aktivitenin kuvvet ve yo\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir \u00fcslup \u00e7e\u015fididir[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu vas\u0131flar\u0131yla Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir azamete sahiptir. Zira O, ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir varl\u0131k i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacak \u015fekilde ilmiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131 ih\u00e2ta eder ve istedi\u011fi her \u015feyi en g\u00fczel \u015fekilde kolayca yapar.<\/p>\n

{<\/p>\n

Bilgi\u2019nin ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuvvet, k\u0131ymet, varl\u0131k ve \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sebebi oldu\u011fu \u00e2\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Bilgiye sahip olan, her bak\u0131mdan ileri giderek \u00f6ne ge\u00e7mektedir. Bu hakikati, Bakara S\u00fbresi\u2019ndeki, insan\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 mevzuunda Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 ile melekler aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en konu\u015fmadan anlayabilmekteyiz. Kendisine e\u015fy\u00e2n\u0131n isimleri \u00f6\u011fretilen Hz. \u00c2dem<\/b> (a.s), meleklerin secde etti\u011fi bir mak\u00e2ma y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lmin k\u0131ymetini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmine delalet eden ilk vas\u0131f, z\u0131mnen mukayese de\u011feri ta\u015f\u0131yan ism-i tafdil \u015feklinde, \u201cA\u2018lem\u201d <\/b>olarak gelmi\u015ftir[13]<\/a>. Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2, ilmin kayna\u011f\u0131 ve as\u0131l sahibidir. Hak\u00eek\u00ee m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131yla \u201c\u00c2lim\u201d O\u2019dur. O\u2019nun ilmine nih\u00e2yet yoktur. \u0130nsanlar ise onun bildirdi\u011fi kadar\u0131n\u0131 bilebilir. Zaten varl\u0131klar\u0131 yaratmak, y\u00f6netmek ve onlara h\u00e2kim olmak i\u00e7in ilim vazge\u00e7ilmez bir \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu sebeple \u201c\u0639\u0644\u0645\u201d, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan birka\u00e7 maddeden biridir. \u00c7ekimleri ve m\u00fc\u015ftaklar\u0131yla birlikte yakla\u015f\u0131k 900 defa ge\u00e7er[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmini g\u00f6steren ifadeler, her zaman i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir azamet ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, O\u2019nun Mutlak Bilgi\u2019si hi\u00e7bir zaman insanlar\u0131n \u0130z\u00e2f\u00ee Bilgi\u2019sine benzemez. Allah\u2019\u0131n ilmiyle al\u00e2kal\u0131 azametli ifadelerden birka\u00e7\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
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[1]<\/a> Kadri, H\u00fcseyin Kaz\u0131m (v. 1934), T\u00fcrk L\u00fcgati,<\/i> III, 539; Devellio\u011flu, Ferit, Osmanl\u0131ca-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Ansiklopedik L\u00fcgat,<\/i> s. 513.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a> R\u00e2\u011f\u0131b, M\u00fcfred\u00e2t, <\/i>\u201c\u0639\u0644\u0645\u201d md., s. 347.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a> Taylan, \u201cBilgi\u201d md., D\u0130A, <\/i>VI, 157.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a> Bkz. Izutsu, Toshihiko, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Allah ve \u0130nsan, <\/i>s. 75-76.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a> Y\u00fcksel, Amid\u00ee\u2019de Bilgi Teorisi, <\/i>s. 84; \u00d6zcan, M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00ee\u2019de Bilgi Problemi,<\/i> s. 78.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]<\/a> \u00d6zcan, a.g.e,<\/i> s. 78, 80.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> \u00d6zcan, a.g.e,<\/i> s. 81.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a> Bkz. Yaz\u0131r, M. Hamdi, II, 1184 (\u00c2l-i \u0130mr\u00e2n, 141); V, 3765 (el-Ankebut, 3).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Ul\u00fbhiyyet, <\/i>s. 146; \u00d6zcan, M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00ee\u2019de Bilgi<\/i>, s. 81-82; Y\u00fcksel, Amid\u00ee\u2019de Bilgi<\/i>, s. 39; Bilgiz, Musa, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Bilgi, <\/i>s. 188.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]<\/a> Bkz. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, a.g.e,<\/i> s. 145; Ulut\u00fcrk, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem Allah\u2019\u0131 Nas\u0131l Tan\u0131t\u0131yor?,<\/i> s. 141-142.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, a.g.e,<\/i> s. 149. \u00c2yetlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz: el-En\u2019\u00e2m, 73; et-Tevbe, 94, 105; er-Ra\u2019d, 9; el-M\u00fc\u2019min\u00fbn, 92; Sebe, 3; F\u00e2t\u0131r, 38; el-Cin, 26.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, a.g.e,<\/i> s. 149. el-Enbiy\u00e2, 51, 81.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[13]<\/a> en-Necm, 30; Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Ul\u00fbhiyyet<\/i>, s. 145.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[14]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019da Ul\u00fbhiyyet<\/i>, s. 145.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri \u201cBilgi\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda um\u00fbmiyetle \u201c\u0130lim\u201d ve \u201cMarifet\u201d kelimelerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[1]. \u0130lim, bir \u015feyi hakikatiyle yani ger\u00e7ek y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kavramakt\u0131r[2]. Bilenin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi mevz\u00fbyu b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleri ve alanlar\u0131yla ku\u015fat\u0131p anlamas\u0131na ih\u00e2ta, onu tam… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3G27m-RG","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3328"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7774,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3328\/revisions\/7774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}