Zek\u00e2t<\/b>, belli bir miktar\u0131n \u00fczerinde mala sahip olan zenginlerin, mallar\u0131ndan %2,5 nisbetinde fakirlere, yoksullara, zek\u00e2t toplayan memurlara, g\u00f6n\u00fclleri \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lacak olanlara, h\u00fcrriyetlerini sat\u0131n almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan k\u00f6lelere, bor\u00e7lulara, Allah yolunda cih\u00e2d edenlere, yolda kalanlara vermesidir. (Tevbe, 60)<\/p>\n
Hayvanlar ve toprak mahsulleri de zek\u00e2ta t\u00e2b\u00eedir. Her birinin hesaplar\u0131 farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Toprak mahsullerinin zek\u00e2t\u0131na \u201c\u00f6\u015f\u00fcr\u201d<\/b> denir. Sadaka<\/b> ve inf\u00e2k<\/b> kelimeleri ise, her ne kadar bazen zek\u00e2t m\u00e2n\u00e2s\u0131na kullan\u0131lsalar da daha \u00e7ok n\u00e2file olarak muhta\u00e7lara yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ifade ederler.<\/p>\n
G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc-zay\u0131f, s\u0131hhatli-hasta, bilgili-c\u00e2hil, zengin-fak\u00eer gibi fertler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fma ve kademele\u015fme, toplum niz\u00e2m\u0131n\u0131n tes\u00eesi ve \u00e2hengini temin i\u00e7in gereklidir. Ancak zenginlik bir izzet, fak\u00eerlik de bir zillet de\u011fil, taks\u00eem-i il\u00e2h\u00eedir; mukadder\u00e2t\u0131n hikmet ve maslahat tez\u00e2h\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Hepsi de insan i\u00e7in imtihan v\u00e2s\u0131tas\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fchim olan kalbin Allah\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar aras\u0131ndaki taksimat farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi m\u00fckellefiyetler de ona g\u00f6re tanz\u00eem edilerek ictim\u00e2\u00ee denge en m\u00fckemmel bir \u015fekilde tesis edilmi\u015ftir. Bu i\u00e7tim\u00e2\u00ee dengeyi sa\u011flamada en m\u00fchim rol\u00fc zek\u00e2t, sadaka ve inf\u00e2k gibi m\u00e2l\u00ee ibadetler oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zek\u00e2t ve infak, varl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n servetlerine aldanarak azg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve muhta\u00e7lar\u0131n zenginlere kar\u015f\u0131 kin ve hased gibi menf\u00ee tem\u00e2y\u00fcllere kap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyerek ictim\u00e2\u00ee hayat\u0131 korur, fertleri birbirine karde\u015flik ve muhabbetle ba\u011flar. Zenginlerle fakirler aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi asgar\u00eeye indirir. Fakirlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yok denecek kadar azaltarak, bu sebeple meydana gelen bir\u00e7ok tats\u0131z h\u00e2disenin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er. Nitekim Halife \u00d6mer bin Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez <\/b>g, <\/b>zek\u00e2t memurunu Afrika<\/b> \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Memur, mallar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tamadan geri getirdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zek\u00e2t alacak kimse bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Halife de bu paralarla pek \u00e7ok k\u00f6le al\u0131p \u00e2z\u00e2d etti.[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t, farkl\u0131 seviyelerdeki insanlar aras\u0131nda kurulan ve cemiyeti b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiren bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu sebeple Ras\u00fblullah r \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n \u201cZek\u00e2t, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/i> (Beyhak\u00ee, \u015euab,<\/i> III, 20, 195; Heysem\u00ee, III, 62)<\/p>\n Bu hadis-i \u015ferif, zek\u00e2t\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e2hirette kurulan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc oldu\u011funu da beyan etmektedir. Nitekim Kat\u00e2de Hazretleri<\/b>\u2019nin nakline g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n \u201cZek\u00e2t, cehennem ile cennet aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kim zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6derse k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc ge\u00e7erek cennete n\u00e2il olur.\u201d (Abdurrazz\u00e2k, Musannef,<\/i> IV, 108)<\/p>\n \u0130nf\u00e2k\u0131n, toplumdaki farkl\u0131 insanlar aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren \u015fu mis\u00e2le bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n Hz. \u00d6mer<\/b> t yolda giderken bir kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e2m\u00e2 bir yoksulun dilendi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Arkas\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131p koluna dokundu ve:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Sen ehl-i kit\u00e2b\u0131n hangi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndans\u0131n?\u201d diye sordu. Ya\u015fl\u0131 z\u00e2t yahud\u00ee oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Hz. \u00d6mer:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Seni bu h\u00e2le d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren sebep nedir?\u201d dedi. \u00c2m\u00e2 yahud\u00ee:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Benden cizye al\u0131nmas\u0131, bir de ihtiya\u00e7 sahibi ve ya\u015fl\u0131 olmam beni bu h\u00e2llere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n \u00d6mer t \u00e2m\u00e2 yahud\u00eenin elinden tuttu ve onu kendi evine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Evinde bulabildi\u011fi baz\u0131 \u015feyleri yah\u00fbdiye verdi. Sonra Beyt\u00fclm\u00e2l memurunu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131 ve ona \u015fu talimat\u0131 verdi:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Bu ve bunun gibi olanlara dikkat et! Allah\u2019a yemin ederim ki e\u011fer biz gen\u00e7li\u011finin verimli \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ondan istifade edip de ya\u015flan\u0131p \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde b\u00f6yle sefil b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, hi\u00e7 de insafl\u0131 davranm\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131z\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Bu h\u00e2diseden sonra Hz. \u00d6mer t, o ve benzerlerinden cizyeyi kald\u0131rd\u0131.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n Kazan\u0131lan fazla mallar, bu \u015fekilde k\u0131s\u0131m k\u0131s\u0131m, derece derece cemiyetin ma\u011fdurlar\u0131na intik\u00e2l ettirilir. B\u00f6ylece toplumda muv\u00e2zene, ad\u00e2let ve ictim\u00e2\u00ee \u00e2henk meydana gelir. Zenginin serveti temizlenir. Mal, sahibine b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle hel\u00e2l olur.<\/p>\n Cemiyetin ma\u011fdur insanlar\u0131n\u0131 sevindiren zek\u00e2t\u0131n, asl\u0131nda verenlere sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazan\u00e7 daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Zira \u201ctemizlik, s\u00e2fiyet, art\u0131\u015f, bereket\u201d<\/b> m\u00e2n\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden \u201czek\u00e2t\u201d, insan\u0131 baz\u0131 kalb\u00ee hastal\u0131k ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r, mal\u0131n temizlenip bereketlenmesini sa\u011flar.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t ve sadaka, servet sahiplerinin n\u00e2il olduklar\u0131 il\u00e2h\u00ee nimetlere kar\u015f\u0131 if\u00e2 etmeleri gereken \u015f\u00fckr\u00fcn bir ifadesidir. Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak, \u015f\u00fckredildi\u011fi takdirde nimetlerini art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nank\u00f6rl\u00fck edildi\u011finde ise azab\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddetli oldu\u011funu haber verir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n Hadis-i \u015ferifte, her sene mal\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcl ho\u015flu\u011fuyla veren ve bunun i\u00e7in mal\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcnden de\u011fil, orta h\u00e2llisinden ay\u0131ran kimselerin, iman\u0131n tad\u0131n\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. <\/i>(Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Zek\u00e2t, 5\/1582)<\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t ibadeti insan\u0131n sahip olma ve menfaat duygular\u0131n\u0131 terbiye eder.<\/p>\n Bir zamanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerinden olan k\u00f6lelik<\/b> zinciri<\/b>ni, insan\u0131n boynundan \u00e7\u0131karan yine \u0130sl\u00e2m olmu\u015ftur. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n, k\u00f6leleri h\u00fcrriyete kavu\u015fturmak, onlara ihs\u00e2n ve ikr\u00e2mda bulunmak i\u00e7in ortaya koydu\u011fu h\u00e2l \u00e7\u00e2relerinin en m\u00fcessirlerinden biri, yine zek\u00e2t ve inf\u00e2k m\u00fcessesesidir.<\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t\u0131n, mill\u00ee servetin s\u00fcrekli dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015fleyip verimli h\u00e2le gelmesi, piyasan\u0131n hareketlenmesi, al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fin canlanmas\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 ekonomik faydalar\u0131 da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n Yine zek\u00e2t s\u00e2yesinde Allah yolunda gayret eden pek \u00e7ok insana destek verilerek hay\u0131rl\u0131 i\u015flerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edilir. \u0130lim talebelerinin okumas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olunarak ilmin ve fennin geli\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t\u0131 almak de\u011fil, vermek te\u015fvik edilir. Allah Ras\u00fbl\u00fc r:<\/p>\n \u201cVeren el alan elden daha hay\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Yard\u0131m etmeye, ge\u00e7imini \u00fcstlendi\u011fin kimselerden ba\u015fla! Sadakan\u0131n hay\u0131rl\u0131s\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 maldan verilendir. Kim insanlardan bir \u015fey istemezse, Allah onu kimseye muhta\u00e7 etmez. Kim de tokg\u00f6zl\u00fc olursa, Allah onu zengin k\u0131lar\u201d<\/i> buyurmu\u015ftur. <\/i>(Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Zek\u00e2t 18; M\u00fcslim, Zek\u00e2t 94-97, 106, 124)<\/p>\n Bundan dolay\u0131, daha hay\u0131rl\u0131 duruma y\u00fckselmek isteyen m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fevkle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p kazanarak veren el olmaya gayret ederler. Neticede insanlar tembellik ve miskinlikten kurtularak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve kazanma azmi elde eder.<\/p>\n Zek\u00e2t verilmedi\u011finde ise b\u00fct\u00fcn bu faydalar tersine d\u00f6nerek, fert ve toplum aleyhine b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar meydana gelir.<\/p>\n Allah\u2019\u0131n, l\u00fbtfundan verdi\u011fi mal\u0131 yine Allah\u2019tan k\u0131skanarak cimrilik yapan ve neticede ahl\u00e2k\u00ee zaafa m\u00fcbtel\u00e2 olan insan\u0131n, ne d\u00fcnyada ne de \u00e2hirette huzur bulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zek\u00e2t ve sadakalarla ted\u00e2vi edilmeyen cimrilik hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan\u0131 d\u00fcnyada s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e2hirette de y\u0131lanlar\u0131n zehrine d\u00fb\u00e7\u00e2r eder. Ras\u00fblullah r \u015f\u00f6yle buyurur:<\/p>\n \u201cBir kimseye Allah Te\u00e2l\u00e2 mal verir, o da zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demezse, bu mal k\u0131yamet g\u00fcn\u00fc olduk\u00e7a zehirli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u0131lan h\u00e2linde kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Yanaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde (gazap ve zehirinin \u015fiddetini g\u00f6steren) iki siyah nokta vard\u0131r. O g\u00fcn bu azg\u0131n y\u0131lan, mal sahibinin boynuna dolan\u0131p (a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 kapatacak \u015fekilde) iki yana\u011f\u0131ndan \u015fiddetle \u0131s\u0131r\u0131r ve:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00ab\u2013Ben senin (d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fin) mal\u0131n\u0131m, ben senin haz\u00eenenim!\u00bb der.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n Ras\u00fblullah r, s\u00f6zlerine delil olarak \u015fu \u00e2yet-i kerimeyi okudu:<\/p>\n \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n fazl\u0131ndan kendilerine verdi\u011fi nimetleri infak hususunda cimrilik edenler, sak\u0131n bunu kendileri i\u00e7in hay\u0131r sanmas\u0131nlar; bilakis bu, onlar i\u00e7in bir \u015ferdir. Cimrilik ettikleri \u015feyler k\u0131yamet g\u00fcn\u00fc boyunlar\u0131na dolanacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6klerin ve yerin miras\u0131 Allah\u2019\u0131nd\u0131r. Allah b\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131zdan haberdard\u0131r.\u201d <\/b>(\u00c2l-i \u0130mr\u00e2n, 180) (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Zek\u00e2t, 3; Tirmiz\u00ee, Tefsir, 3\/3012)<\/p>\n Ras\u00fblullah r Efendimiz, zek\u00e2t\u0131n toplumda a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u00fck olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve zamanla tamamen ihmal edildi\u011finde, insanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bir k\u0131s\u0131m bel\u00e2lar\u0131n gelece\u011fini haber vermi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a> Bir defas\u0131nda da \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n \u201cMallar\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131 vermekten ka\u00e7\u0131nan her millet, mutlaka ya\u011fmurdan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ve hayvanlar\u0131 olmasa, onlara ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131r\u0131lmaz.\u201d<\/i> (\u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, Fiten, 22; H\u00e2kim, IV, 583\/8623)<\/p>\n Yani zek\u00e2t terk edildi\u011finde, toplumdan bolluk ve bereket kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ya\u011fan ya\u011fmur ve verilen r\u0131z\u0131klar da ibadette beli b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kullar, m\u00e2sumlar ve hayvanlar h\u00fcrmetine ihs\u00e2n edilir. Zamanla toplum d\u00fczeni sars\u0131larak zenginle fakir aras\u0131nda derin u\u00e7urumlar meydana gelir. Bu durum pek \u00e7ok muhta\u00e7 insan\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere sevkeder. Neticede ne zenginin ne de fak\u00eerin huz\u00fbru kal\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Bkz. B\u00fbt\u00ee, F\u0131khu\u2019s-s\u00eere,<\/i> Beyrut 1980, s. 434.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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