{"id":4759,"date":"2013-09-26T15:19:12","date_gmt":"2013-09-26T13:19:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=4759"},"modified":"2013-11-30T10:53:56","modified_gmt":"2013-11-30T08:53:56","slug":"b-anadoluda-tercume-faaliyetleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=4759","title":{"rendered":"B. Anadoluda Terc\u00fcme Faaliyetleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fck Tefs\u00eer ve terc\u00fcme faaliyetlerine, elde mevcut en eski n\u00fcshalara g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fundan yar\u0131m as\u0131r sonra, yani XIV.[1]<\/a> asr\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu faaliyet \u00fc\u00e7 koldan ilerlemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

\u00a01. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n \u201csat\u0131r-aras\u0131\u201d kelime kelime terc\u00fcmeleri. Bunlar Arap\u00e7a kelimeleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelimelerle tek tek kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Aras\u0131ra k\u0131sa a\u00e7\u0131klama ve tefs\u00eerlere yer verilirse de bu izahlar esas terc\u00fcmeden ayr\u0131 tutulmakta ve umumiyetle sayfa kenarlar\u0131na yaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n n\u00fcshalar\u0131 pek \u00e7oktur.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

2. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n uzun tefs\u00eerlerle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmesi. Bu tefs\u00eerlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Leys es-Semerkand\u00ee<\/b>\u2019nin (v. 383\/993) tefs\u00eeri[3]<\/a> esas al\u0131narak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r veya bu tefs\u00eerin aynen terc\u00fcmesidir.[4]<\/a> Bu tefs\u00eerli tercmelerde bir Arap\u00e7a kelimenin tek bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kelime ile terc\u00fcmesinden ziyade b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00e2yetin uzun c\u00fcmlelerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015ftur.[5]<\/a> Bu \u00e7e\u015fit tefs\u00eerler 4 grupta toplanabilir:<\/p>\n

a. Musa el-\u0130znik\u00ee\u2019ye (v. 833\/1430)[6]<\/a> atfolunanlar. Bu n\u00fcshalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda eserin ad\u0131 \u201cEnfes\u00fc\u2019l-Cev\u00e2hir\u201d<\/i> olarak ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

b. \u0130bn-i Arab\u015fah\u2019a (v. 854\/1450) atfolunanlar.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

c. Anonim olanlar.<\/p>\n

d. Az olmakla birlikte bir de D\u00e2\u00ee Ahmed<\/b>\u2019e[8]<\/a> atfedilen terc\u00fcmeler vard\u0131r. Bu terc\u00fcme, Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye terc\u00fcme edilen ilk Kur\u2019\u00e2n tefs\u00eeri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Emir S\u00fcleyman ad\u0131na Timurta\u015f Pa\u015fao\u011flu Umur Bey\u2019in emir ve te\u015fvikleriyle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00e2\u00ee bu eserinde sadece terc\u00fcme ile yetinmemi\u015f, yer yer baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmu\u015ftur. Tamamen kendi telifi olan mukaddime k\u0131sm\u0131 manzumdur. Lis\u00e2n hus\u00fbsiyetleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tam bir Eski Anadolu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi devri \u00f6rne\u011fi olan eserin n\u00fcshalar\u0131 k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerimizde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2 bkz. S\u00fcleymaniye Ktp., Fatih b\u00f6l, nr. 631.<\/p>\n

3. Cevahiru\u2019l-Asd\u00e2f<\/i>.[9]<\/a> Bu eser \u201csat\u0131r-aras\u0131\u201d Kur\u2019\u00e2n terc\u00fcmeleriyle \u201ctefs\u00eer\u201dler aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir grubu te\u015fkil etmektedir. \u00c2yetlere \u00f6nce kelime kelime mana verilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u201ctefs\u00eer\u201dlere benzemektedir. Fakat terc\u00fcmelerden daha muhtasard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan bu esere \u201cTefs\u00eer\u00ee terc\u00fcme\u201d diyebiliriz. Bu t\u00fcr, Ebu\u2019l-Leys terc\u00fcmesine nisbetle daha k\u0131sa ve hacim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle medrese talebesi aras\u0131nda ve halk i\u00e7inde daha \u00e7ok tutulmu\u015ftur.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u0131saca \u00fc\u00e7 grupta[11]<\/a> m\u00fctalaa etti\u011fimiz Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n bu ilk terc\u00fcme ve tefs\u00eerlerinden sonra, as\u0131rlar boyu, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem i\u00e7in daha bir\u00e7ok terc\u00fcme ve tefs\u00eer kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca mevcut n\u00fcshalar da istinsah edilip \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Anadolu beyliklerinde ilk \u00f6nce k\u0131sa s\u00fbrelerin (\u0130hl\u00e2s, Y\u00e2s\u00een, Teb\u00e2reke gibi) terc\u00fcmeleri beyz\u00e2de ve \u015fehz\u00e2delere Kur\u2019\u00e2n ile beraber Arap dilini de \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla s\u0131rf \u00f6\u011fretim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130htimal ki sat\u0131raras\u0131, tefs\u00eersiz terc\u00fcmeler de medrese talebelerine Kur\u2019\u00e2n l\u00fcgatini \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilirler.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
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[1]<\/a> \u0130nan, 1961, s. 15.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a> Eski terc\u00fcmelerde bu t\u00fcre daha \u00e7ok rastl\u0131yoruz. Bunun sebebi \u015fudur: Evvela kelime kelime terc\u00fcme kolayd\u0131r. \u0130kincisi: Fars\u00e7a\u2019dan \u00f6rnek alarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ihtimalidir. \u0130ranl\u0131lar, T\u00fcrkler\u2019den \u00f6nce m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu i\u015fe daha evvel ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131lar. (Keskio\u011flu, \u201cFatih Devrine Aid iki Ku\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem Terc\u00fcmesi\u201d, <\/b>s. 92)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a> Bu tefs\u00eeri Arap\u00e7a telif eden Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Leys hakk\u0131nda K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019de \u015fu kayda tesad\u00fcf ediyoruz: \u201cTefs\u00eer-i Ebi\u2019l-Leys. <\/i>Sahibi Nasr ibni Muhammedini\u2019l-Fak\u00eeh\u00fc\u2019s-Semerkand\u00eeyy\u00fc\u2019l-Hanef\u00ee, h. 383\u2019de vefat etmi\u015ftir. Bu eseri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7eviren Ahmet ibni Muhammed el-ma\u02bbr\u00fbf bi-\u0130bn-i Arap\u015fah el-Hanefi h. 854\u2019de vefat etmi\u015ftir.\u201d (Ke\u015ff\u00fc\u2019z-Z\u00fcn\u00fbn,<\/i> I, 305, \u0130stanbul 1310) Bursal\u0131 Tahir Bey, Delil\u00fc\u2019t-Tef\u00e2s\u00eer<\/i><\/b> isimli eserinde ve Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcellifleri<\/i><\/b>\u2019nde ayn\u0131 tefs\u00eerin \u0130bni Arap\u015fah ve bir de Musa el-\u0130znik\u00ee (933 h. ) taraf\u0131ndan terceme edildi\u011fini kaydediyor ve ikincisinin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cEnfes\u00fc\u2019l-Cev\u00e2hir\u201d<\/i> olarak naklediyor. K\u00fct\u00fcphanelerimizde mevcut Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Leys tefs\u00eeri tercemelerinin hepsi birbirinin ayn\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00fcstensihlerin ilavelerinde bazen \u201c\u0130bni Arap\u015fah\u201d<\/b>, bazan \u201cMusa el-\u0130znik\u00ee\u201d<\/b> isimlerine tesad\u00fcf edilmektedir. \u201cEnfes\u00fc\u2019l-Cev\u00e2hir\u201d<\/i> ismine de rastlan\u0131r. \u0130znik\u00ee\u2019nin F\u00e2tiha tercemesi<\/i>: <\/b>\u201cHamd \u00fc sen\u00e2 ve \u015f\u00fckr-i l\u00e2 yuhs\u00e2 <\/b>ol Allah\u2019a kim cemi\u2019 \u00e2lemin perverdigar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lahi sen cihet-i d\u00fcnya\u00adda Rahman\u2019s\u0131n ki rahmetin \u00e2md\u0131r. Amm\u00e2 cihet-i ahirette Rahim\u2019sin ki rahmetin h\u00e2sd\u0131r. K\u0131yamet g\u00fcninin padi\u015fah\u0131 ve h\u00e2kimi O\u2019ldur. Sana taparuz, yard\u0131m <\/b>ve ismet senden diler\u00fcz. Bizi delalet k\u0131lg\u0131l to\u011fru rast yola kim anda e\u011frilik olmaya, \u015fol kimselerin tar\u00eekin k\u0131l\u0131ver kim sen anlara in\u2019am ed\u00fcp bu yolun m\u00fchlikelerin ve \u015feytan\u0131n hilelerin ve nefsin h\u0131yanetlerin bildirdin. \u015eol kimseler tar\u00eekin dilemez\u00fcz kim yol yavi k\u0131lup g\u00fcmrah olm\u0131\u015flardur. \u201d (Tercemenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eden n\u00fcshalar\u0131n hangi k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in bkz. Ya\u015faro\u011flu, s. 130)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a> Topalo\u011flu, s. 61.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a> Abd\u00fclkadir \u0130nan, \u201cKu\u2019\u00e2n\u0131n Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve O\u011fuz-Osmanl\u0131ca \u00c7evirileri \u00fczerine Notlar\u201d, T\u00fcrk Dili Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 Belleten,<\/i><\/b> 1960, s. 79.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]<\/a> \u0130smi Musa b. Hac\u0131 H\u00fcseyin olup k\u00fcnyesi Ebu\u2019l-Fazl\u2019d\u0131r. Eserlerinde \u0130znik\u00ee nisbesini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u0130znik\u2019te do\u011fup yeti\u015fti\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Temel dini bilgileri memleketinde tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra 30 y\u0131l ilim i\u00e7in seyahat etmi\u015ftir. Hic\u00e2z\u2019a gitti\u011finde H\u00e2ce Muhammed P\u00e2ris\u00e2<\/b>\u2019dan ilim ve irfan tahsil etti. Kel\u00e2m, f\u0131k\u0131h, tefs\u00eer, tasavvuf ve ahlak bilgilerinde m\u00fctehass\u0131s oldu. \u0130r\u015f\u00e2d vazifesiyle Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6nderildi. Bir\u00e7ok eseri vard\u0131r. Semerkand\u00ee Tefs\u00eeri yan\u0131nda hocas\u0131 Muhammed P\u00e2ris\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n Faslu\u2019l-Hit\u00e2b\u2019<\/i>\u0131n\u0131 da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye terc\u00fcme etmi\u015ftir. (Bursal\u0131 Mehmed T\u00e2hir, Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcellifleri<\/i><\/b>, II, 13-14; \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00c2limleri Ansiklopedisi<\/i><\/b>, \u0130stanbul, ts. XII, 228)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]<\/a> Ahmed b. Muhammed b Abdullah, \u015eihabuddin lakab\u0131yla ve Ebu\u2019l-Abbas k\u00fcnyesi ile an\u0131l\u0131r, \u0130bn-i Arab\u015fah veya A\u2019cem\u00ee diye me\u015fhur olmu\u015ftur. Tarih, l\u00fcgat, sarf, nahiv, hadis, edeb\u00ee ilimler ve Hanef\u00ee mezhebi f\u0131k\u0131h \u00e2limidir. 791\/1389 senesinde D\u0131me\u015fk\u2019te do\u011fdu, 854\/1451 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00e2hire\u2019de vefat etti ve oraya defnedildi. Semerkandi\u2019nin tefs\u00eerini Edirne\u2019de bulundu\u011fu s\u0131ralarda terc\u00fcme etmi\u015ftir. (\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00c2limleri Ansiklopedisi<\/i><\/b>, XII, 102; H\u00fcsn\u00fc, \u201c\u0130bn-\u0131 Arab\u015fah\u201d, T\u00fcrkiyat Mecmuas\u0131,<\/i><\/b> III, \u0130st. 1935, s. 157-183)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a> \u0130zzeddin Ahmed D\u00e2\u00ee, Germiyan ilinde (K\u00fctahya) do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Do\u011fum tarihi hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir kaynak bilgi vermemektedir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 \u0130brahim, dedesinin ad\u0131 Mehmed\u2019dir. Ulum-\u0131 \u015fer\u2019iyye ve edebiyyeyi tahsil etmi\u015ftir. Germiyan\u2019da bir s\u00fcre kad\u0131l\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Murat zaman\u0131nda vefat etmekle beraber kesin bir tarih bilinmemektedir. En son eseri olan Terc\u00fcme-i Tezkiret\u00fc\u2019l-Evliy\u00e2\u2019<\/i>s\u0131n\u0131 1421 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (S\u00fcleymaniye ktp, Serez blm, nr. 1800) Bir\u00e7ok eseri vard\u0131r. Vesilet\u00fc\u2019l-M\u00fcl\u00fbk f\u00ee ehli\u2019s-s\u00fcl\u00fbk <\/i>\u00c2yet\u00fc\u2019l-k\u00fcrs\u00ee\u2019nin tefs\u00eeridir, i\u00e7inde \u015eerh-i Esm\u00e2\u00fc\u2019l-H\u00fcsn\u00e2<\/i> da bulunmaktad\u0131r. (\u0130smail Hikmet Ertaylan, Ahmed D\u00e2\u00ee Hayat\u0131 ve Eserleri<\/i><\/b>, <\/i>\u0130stanbul, 1952; D\u0130A, \u2018Ahmed D\u00e2\u00ee\u2019<\/i><\/b> mad.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[9]<\/a> \u201cCevahiru\u2019l-Esdaf, lisan-\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00ee \u00fczerine muharrer olup \u0130sfendiyar Bey zaman\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu ci\u00adhetle tarih-i tahriri 797 ila 883 olmak laz\u0131m gelir.\u201d (Bursal\u0131 Mehmed Tahir, Delil\u00fc\u2019t-Tef\u00e2s\u00eer<\/i>) Bu eserin k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerdeki n\u00fcshalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bak. Ya\u015faro\u011flu, s. 128. Eser hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in bkz. Ahmet Topalo\u011flu, Cev\u00e2hiru\u2019l-Asd\u00e2f \u00dczerine Yap\u0131lan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve Zajackowski\u2019nin Eseri<\/i><\/b>, <\/i>\u0130stanbul, 1987.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[10]<\/a> Topalo\u011flu, s. 64. F\u00e2tiha tercemesi: \u201c\u00d6\u011fmeklik sena etmeklik Allah\u00fc taalaya has\u0131ldur ki ol Allah\u00fc taala \u00e2lemleri besleyicid\u00fcr. Eyle Allah ki. rahmandur yani rahmet edicid\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada ve ahirette, rahimd\u00fcr mahsus k\u0131yamet k\u00fcninde-, k\u0131yamet k\u00fcninin padi\u015fahidur sana ibadet eder\u00fcz senden in\u00c2yet diler\u00fcz bizi to\u011fr\u0131 yola k\u0131lavuzla \u015funlar\u0131n yoluna k\u0131lavuzla kim anlara sen in\u2019am ett\u00fcn, \u015funlar\u0131n yolundan sakla kim anlara gazab etmi\u015fs\u00fcn. (ya <\/b>ol yola gitmekle azupturlar). \u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[11]<\/a> Abd\u00fclkadir \u0130nan burada d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bir t\u00fcr daha zikretmektedir: \u201csat\u0131r aras\u0131nda kelime kelime terc\u00fcme edildikten sonra \u00e2yet k\u0131sa veya uzun tefs\u00eer edilmektedir. \u201d <\/i>\u0130nan, 1960, s. 90.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[12]<\/a> Topalo\u011flu, s. 62.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/a> \u0130nan, 1960, s. 90. Mehmed S\u00e2id Efendi en-Nak\u015fibend\u00ee el-Kayserev\u00ee (v. 1257), S\u00fcleymaniye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi H. Hayri-H. Abdullah 36 numarada kay\u0131tl\u0131 yazma Tefs\u00eer-i S\u00fbre-i ve\u2019l-Adiy\u00e2t<\/i><\/b> <\/i>isimli eserinin mukaddimesinde eserini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak yazmas\u0131na sebeb olarak talebelere kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamay\u0131 ve halktan istekli olanlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap vermeyi g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fck Tefs\u00eer ve terc\u00fcme faaliyetlerine, elde mevcut en eski n\u00fcshalara g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fundan yar\u0131m as\u0131r sonra, yani XIV.[1] asr\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu faaliyet \u00fc\u00e7… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3G27m-1eL","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4759","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4759"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4759\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7149,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4759\/revisions\/7149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}