Medrese \u00e2limlerinin okuduklar\u0131 dersler ve ald\u0131klar\u0131 icazetnamelere g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za zengin ve geni\u015f bir m\u00fcfredat pro\u011fram\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1286\/1869 tarihli \u0130stanbul medreseleri listesine g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 medreseleri m\u00fcfredat pro\u011fram\u0131:[1]<\/a><\/p>\n \u015eeyh\u00fcl\u0130sl\u00e2m Ak\u015fehirli Hasan Fehmi Efendi\u2019<\/i>nin (1298\/1880) emriyle 13 Rebi\u00fclahir 1286 (23 Temmuz 1869)\u2019da haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bulunan bu liste, sadece bu tarihte say\u0131lar\u0131 166\u2019y\u0131 bulan faal \u0130stanbul medreselerini ihtiva etmektedir.<\/p>\n Listenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca hususuiyetleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n 1- Her medresenin mevcudu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n 2- Toplam n\u00fcfus yan\u0131nda her medresede,<\/p>\n a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ka\u00e7 dersi\u00e2mm bulundu\u011fu,<\/p>\n b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Her dersi ne kadar talebenin takip etti\u011fi ve<\/p>\n c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu tarihte medreselerde hangi derslerin okutulmakta oldu\u011fu[2]<\/a> g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n 3- Listenin sonunda, bu tarihte \u0130stanbul medreselerinde toplam olarak,<\/p>\n a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ka\u00e7 dersi\u00e2mm bulundu\u011fu<\/p>\n b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Her dersi ne kadar talebenin takip etti\u011fi<\/p>\n c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00fct\u00fcn medrese talebelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 da verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Buna g\u00f6re, 1869\u2019da \u0130stanbul medreselerinde 5369 talebe bulunmakta, bunlardan 93\u2019\u00fc h\u0131fza \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, 578\u2019i sarf, 3027\u2019si nahv olmak \u00fczere 3605 talebe Arap\u00e7a grameri g\u00f6rmekte, 1101 mant\u0131k (374 Fenari, 610 Tasavvurat, 117 Tasdikat), 287\u2019si Akaid \u015eerhi<\/i>, 108\u2019i K\u00e2d\u00eem\u00eer[3]<\/a>, 182\u2019si ise Cel\u00e2l <\/i>okumaktayd\u0131. Tayin bekleyen 213 mezun bulunan medreselerde 180 dersi\u00e2mm da ders vermekteydi. Bu s\u00fbretle hoca ve talebelerin toplam say\u0131s\u0131 5769\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Bu listeye bak\u0131larak, XIII\/XIX. as\u0131r sonlar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul medreselerinde m\u00fcretteb derslerden sadece sarf, nahiv, mant\u0131k, akaid, hikmet ve kelam derslerinin okundu\u011funu, hadis ve Tefs\u00eer gibi di\u011fer derslerin ihmal edildi\u011fini \u00e7\u0131karmak do\u011fru de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu tarihlerde m\u00fcretteb derslerin hepsini de okuyup icazet alan pek \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frenci vard\u0131r. Esasen bir \u00f6\u011frencinin, hadis de dahil, okudu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e2let ilimleri en y\u00fcce konu (matlab-\u0131 a\u2019l\u00e2) olan Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019i anlamaya, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle tefs\u00eere y\u00f6neliktir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131lar, medresedeki e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerini vak\u0131flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla devam ettirdiler. Fatih\u2019in \u0130stanbulu feth ettikten hemen sonra \u201cSahn-\u0131 Semen\u201d<\/b> medreselerini tesis ettirmesi ve bunlar\u0131n giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in vak\u0131f kurmas\u0131ndan sonra, ilim merkezi h\u00e2line gelen \u0130stanbul\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere sultanlar, vezirler, ilim adamlar\u0131, saray mensuplar\u0131 ve maddi durumu iyi olan halk taraf\u0131ndan pek\u00e7ok medrese in\u015fa olunmu\u015ftur. Yaln\u0131z Mimar Sinan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fmimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da in\u015fa edilen medreselerin say\u0131s\u0131, 6\u2019s\u0131 S\u00fcleymaniye medreseleri olmak \u00fczere 55\u2019i bulmaktad\u0131r. XVII. asr\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde ise \u0130stanbuldaki medrese say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 126\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Fetih\u2019ten XIX. asra kadar \u0130stanbul\u2019da in\u015fa edilen medrese say\u0131s\u0131 500\u2019\u00fc a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yang\u0131n ve deprem gibi tabii \u00e2fetlere maruz kalarak y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p yok olmu\u015f veya terk edilmi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n XIII\/XIX. as\u0131r sonlar\u0131nda \u201cikmal-i nuseh\u201d ederek icazet alan \u00f6\u011frencilere a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler \u00f6rnek olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir: <\/b><\/p>\n 1. Ahmed Cevdet Pa\u015fa\u2019<\/b>n\u0131n <\/b>(1312\/1895), Tezakir<\/i> adl\u0131 eserinde verdi\u011fi bilgiler, medrese ders pro\u011fram\u0131n\u0131n XIX. as\u0131r sonlar\u0131ndaki durumunu g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fchimdir: Lof\u00e7a m\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Haf\u0131z \u00d6mer Efendi\u2019den 15 ya\u015f\u0131na gelmeden Arab\u00ee ilimleri, \u015eer\u2019\u00ee ilimleri,mant\u0131k ve bey\u00e2n\u2019<\/i>\u0131 okumu\u015ftur. B\u00fclu\u011fa ermeden Halebi ve M\u00fclteka <\/i>okudu. 15-16 ya\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelerek Fatih Camii\u2019nde \u00e2li ilimlerin tahsili ile me\u015fgul oldu. Medreselerin tatil g\u00fcnlerinde \u2018m\u00fcretteb olan dersler<\/i>\u2019 den ba\u015fka c\u00fcz\u2019iyat\u2019<\/i>a dair pek\u00e7ok ris\u00e2le, eski tarz \u00fczere hisab, cebir, hendese, hey\u2019et ve hikmet <\/i>fenlerine dair pek\u00e7ok kitap okudu. Hendese-i Berriyye hocas\u0131 Miralay Nuri Bey\u2019e Muhtasar Me\u2019\u00e2n\u00ee ve K\u00e2d\u00eem\u00eer <\/i>okuttu. Ondan hisab, cebir, hendese, logaritma, Usul-i Hendese, <\/i>H\u00fcseyin R\u0131fk\u0131 Taman\u00ee\u2019nin Mecm\u00fb\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-M\u00fchendis\u00een<\/i>\u2019i, Oktant Ris\u00e2lesi, <\/i>\u0130shak Efendi\u2019nin Ulum-i Riyaziyye<\/i>\u2019si <\/i>gibi yeni usul \u00fczere riyazi ilimler \u00f6\u011frendi. Papas-o\u011flu Medresesi\u2019nde \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Hacib\u2019in e\u015f-\u015eafiye<\/i>\u2019sini okutup \u00fczerine ta\u2019likat yazarak G\u00e2yet\u00fc\u2019l-Bey\u00e2n <\/i>ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. \u0130mam-zade Es\u2019ad Efendi\u2019den \u015eerh-i Akaid<\/i> dinledi. S\u00fcleymaniye Camii\u2019nde Antakyal\u0131 Said Efendi\u2019den Mutavvel<\/i> okudu. Giritli\u2019nin Fatih Camii\u2019ndeki Mutavvel<\/i> derslerini dinledi. Medreselerin tatile girdi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 aylarda Haf\u0131z Seyyid Efendi\u2019den ders okudu. Arnavud Ali Efendi\u2019den \u00c2d\u00e2b ve Ar\u00fbz <\/i>dersi ald\u0131. Birgili \u015e\u00e2kir Efendi\u2019den D\u00fclgero\u011flu Camii\u2019nde sabahlar\u0131 mant\u0131k<\/i> ikindiden sonra Vidinli\u2019den Mutavvel <\/i>okudu, Fatih Camii\u2019nde Kara Halil Efendi\u2019den de Vaz\u2019iyye-i \u0130s\u00e2m <\/i>okudu. Hoca H\u00fcsameddin Efendi\u2019den Mesnev\u00ee-i \u015eerif<\/i>, \u015eair Fehim Efendi\u2019den \u015eevket ve Urf\u00ee <\/i>divanlar\u0131n\u0131 okudu. Murat Molla \u015eeyhi\u2019nden Mesnev\u00ee-i \u015eerif, Kaside-i B\u00fcr\u2019e ve Hizbu\u2019l-Bahr <\/i>okutma icazeti ald\u0131.[6]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n 2. T\u00e2ifli Abdullah Kemal Efendi<\/b> (1907\u2019de hayatta) ibtidai mekteblerde h\u0131fz\u0131n\u0131 ikmal ettikten sonra sarf, nahv, bey\u00e2n, me\u2019ani, mant\u0131k, tefs\u00eer, f\u0131k\u0131h ve hadis tahsil etmi\u015ftir.[7]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n 3. \u0130stanbullu Ra\u015fit Efendi<\/b> (1912), S\u00fcleymaniya Camiinde sarf, nahiv, mant\u0131k, ilm-i kelam, hikmet, f\u0131k\u0131h, usul-i f\u0131k\u0131h, meani, hadis ve Tefs\u00eer fenlerini itmam ile icazet alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n 4. Trablus\u015faml\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamid Hamdi Efendi<\/b> (1913), M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da C\u00e2mi\u2019\u00fcl-Ezher\u2019de sarf, nahiv, mant\u0131k, meani, bedi, bey\u00e2n, hendese, co\u011frafya, ilm-i hisab, hikmet, tarih, f\u0131k\u0131h, usul-i f\u0131kh, ilm-i kelam, ilm-i hadis ve ilm-i tefs\u00eer okumu\u015f daha sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da Kemanke\u015f Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa medresesinde ulum-\u0131 \u00e2liye ve ulum-\u0131 \u2018\u00e2liyeyi ikmal ederek icazet alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n 5. Hasan Tahsin er-Rizev\u00ee (XIX. Asr\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fi),<\/b> Haf\u0131z Hasan Efendi b. Yusuf el-Yenicev\u00ee el-\u00d6demi\u015f\u00ee\u2019den 16 ya\u015f\u0131ndan evvel hisab, tecvid, Kur\u2019\u00e2n, sarf, nahiv, bey\u00e2n, Bedru\u2019n-Naci <\/i>adl\u0131 \u0130sagoci \u015ferhi, el-Fenari, Velediye <\/i>okumu\u015f. <\/i>\u015eevket Efendi b. Salih er-R\u0131fki el-\u0130stanbuli\u2019<\/i>den es-Seyyid, es-Siyelkuti<\/i>, Isam Ha\u015fiyeleri, et-Tasavvurat, Tasdikat, el-Hayali, \u015eerhu\u2019l-Akaidi\u2019n-Nesefiyye, Usul\u00fc\u2019l-Hadis, e\u015f-\u015eemail\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015eerif, Beyd\u00e2v\u00ee, Muhtasaru\u2019l-Meani, Mir\u2019at\u00fc\u2019l-Usul, Kelam; <\/i>Da\u011fistanl\u0131 Kad\u0131asker Muhyiddin Efendi\u2019den Isamu\u2019l-Akaid, Siyelkuti ha\u015fiyeleri, el-Hayali, Kad\u0131mir; <\/i>Abd\u00fclKer\u00eem Efendi el-\u0130lbesani\u2019den Haf\u0131z Seyyid Efendi\u2019nin \u015eerhu\u2019l-Al\u00e2ka\u2019<\/i>s\u0131n\u0131, \u015eerhul Mecami minel usul, \u015eerhul Metali, \u015eerhul Mevak\u0131f, \u0130\u015farat; <\/i>Abd\u00fclKer\u00eem Efendi el-Amasyavi\u2019den \u015eerhu\u2019l-\u00c7a\u011fmin\u00ee\u2019<\/i>yi tahsil etti. Muhammed Said Harputi\u2019den de icazet ald\u0131.[10]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n 6. Haf\u0131z \u00dcveys Vefa b. Mehmed el-Erzincani, <\/b>1311\/1893 tarihinde icazetname alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu icazetnameye g\u00f6re okudu\u011fu dersler \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cTahsile elif-ba \u00f6\u011frenerek ba\u015flad\u0131m. Kur\u2019\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 hatmettim. Seyyid el-Hacc Haf\u0131z H\u00fcseyin es-Sabri el-Ispartavi el-\u00dcsk\u00fcdari\u2019den sarf, itikat usul\u00fc, f\u0131k\u0131h; Daru\u2019l-Mearif mektebi hocalar\u0131ndan es-Seyyyid Bekir Efendi\u2019den, es-Seyyid Mehmed Efendi\u2019den ve \u0130shak Efendi Harputi\u2019den sarf, nahiv, mant\u0131k, m\u00fcnazara ve vad\u2018 dersi ald\u0131m. Haf\u0131z Ahmed Tevfik b. \u0130brahim el-Monlaki Efendi\u2019den menkul, ma\u2019kul, hadis, tefs\u00eer, f\u00fcr\u00fb\u2018 ve usul ald\u0131m. Seyyid el-Hacc Ahmed Necib Efendi b. Ahmed\u2019den bir ka\u00e7 sene f\u0131k\u0131h, usul, bela\u011fat, vaz\u2018, aruz, kavafi, geometri dersi ald\u0131m, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019i ezberledim. 1291 senesinde babam Kahire kad\u0131s\u0131 iken e\u015f-\u015eeyh \u0130brahim e\u015f-\u015eafii el-Ezheri\u2019den Sahih-i Buhari, Ebu\u2019s-Suud Tefs\u00eeri, Ris\u00e2let\u00fc\u2019l-Ehadisi\u2019l-Evail mine\u2019l-K\u00fct\u00fcbi\u2019s-sitte <\/i>ve ba\u015fka kitaplar okuyub icazet ald\u0131m.\u201d[11]<\/a><\/p>\n Tanz\u00eem\u00e2t d\u00f6neminin \u00f6nde gelen \u00e2limlerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n takip ettikleri m\u00fcfredat pro\u011fram\u0131 ve okuduklar\u0131 kitaplar \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor ki o d\u00f6nemde medreselerde y\u00fcksek seviyede bir e\u011fitim devam etmektedir. Din\u00ee ilimler ve din \u00e2limleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi bir problem g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir. Sadece Bat\u0131 yanl\u0131s\u0131 fikir ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde kalan halk\u0131n \u00e2limlere olan itibar\u0131nda bir azalma oldu\u011fundan ulema-halk diyalo\u011funda kopu\u015flar ve aksamalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Esas problem medreselerin pozitif ve teknik bilimler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan m\u00fcfredatlar\u0131n\u0131 yenileyememesi, Bat\u0131\u2019da meydana gelen geli\u015fmeleri takip edememesi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00fcndemi yakalay\u0131p onu toplum lehine tatbik edebilecek pozitif sahada etkin bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftirememesidir. Bu bak\u0131mdan bilimsel ve teknolojik olarak Bat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri kal\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r faturas\u0131n\u0131 din \u00e2limlerine y\u00fcklemek ve bu alanda bir tak\u0131m olumsuz fikirler bey\u00e2n etmek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmasa gerektir.<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> 16. yy i\u00e7in bkz. Turgut, Ali, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Tefs\u00eer \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na Genel Bak\u0131\u015f\u201d, Din \u00d6\u011fretimi Dergisi,<\/i><\/b> 1989. say\u0131, 18, s. 28.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [2]<\/a> A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da isimleri ge\u00e7ecek olan ders ve kitap isimleri hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin \u0130lmiye Te\u015fkilat\u0131<\/i><\/b>, <\/i>Ankara, 1988, s. 19-23 ve 39-44; T\u00fcrk Ma\u00e2rif Tarihi,<\/i><\/b> c. I, s. 102.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [3]<\/a> Ha\u015fiye ala \u015eerhi\u2019l-Hidaye li K\u00e2d\u00eem\u00eer, Hac\u0131 Selim A\u011fa, 671.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [4]<\/a> Cevat \u0130zgi, Osmanl\u0131 Medreselerinde \u0130lim<\/i><\/b>, <\/i>\u0130stanbul, 1997, s. 108-109; Bir t\u00fcr diploma anlam\u0131na gelen ve medreseyi bitiren \u00f6\u011frenciye verilen ic\u00e2zetn\u00e2menin genellikle R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019ye dayand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da tefs\u00eere ve tefs\u00eerciye verilen k\u0131ymetin tarihi belgesi niteli\u011findedir. Turgut, s. 28.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [5]<\/a> Ziya Kaz\u0131c\u0131, \u0130sl\u00e2m Tarihi,<\/i><\/b> <\/i>\u0130st. 1997, XI, 374.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [6]<\/a> Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Tez\u00e2kir,<\/i><\/b> <\/i>I, 528.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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