{"id":4782,"date":"2013-09-26T16:00:12","date_gmt":"2013-09-26T14:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=4782"},"modified":"2013-11-30T10:53:55","modified_gmt":"2013-11-30T08:53:55","slug":"iii-tanzimat-donemi-islam-ulemasinin-durumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/?p=4782","title":{"rendered":"III- Tanz\u00eem\u00e2t D\u00f6nemi \u0130sl\u00e2m Ulemas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Durumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 asl\u0131nda askeri bak\u0131mdan h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lmalar\u0131 de\u011fil kendisini ifade edebilecek ve yeniden kurabilecek bir ilim adam\u0131 prototipini \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f, ne Roma hukuk\u00e7usuna, ne Hindu Brahman\u2019\u0131na, ne de hristiyan Rahibine benzeyen bir \u00e2lim modeli<\/b>nin daha \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 e\u015fine raslanmayan bir hadisedir. Bu \u00e2lim modeli tamamen nev-i \u015fahs\u0131na m\u00fcnhas\u0131r, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve yenilik\u00e7i bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Bu model hayatiyetini 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar alternatifsiz olarak devam ettirdi ve toplumsal me\u015fruiyetini de, sistem i\u00e7indeki konumunu da ilmiye yoluyla ve denetim g\u00fcc\u00fcyle korudu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda y\u00fcksek seviyede e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetllerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc medreselerden yeti\u015fen ulema siyasi ve sosyal hayatta, devlet ve halk nezdinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itibara sahipti. Bu itibar; onlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu bilgi seviyesi, d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve hayat felsefelerinin toplumun ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 etkin bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek d\u00fczeyde ve kalitede olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Klasik d\u00f6nemde ve hatta XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131n\u0131 denildi\u011fi zaman akla medreseliler geliyordu. Az \u00f6nce de temas etti\u011fimiz gibi halk\u0131n dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla uyum i\u00e7erisinde hareket ettiklerinden toplum taraf\u0131ndan benimseniyor ve te\u015fvik g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ancak 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7izgi 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda devam etmedi.[2]<\/a> \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu as\u0131rda toplumda \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemez bir de\u011fi\u015fim ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, medresede yeti\u015fenler, bu de\u011fi\u015fimin gere\u011fi olan yenilikleri yeterince yapamam\u0131\u015f,[3]<\/a> kendi kendini yenileyememi\u015f, fikir \u00fcretememi\u015f neticede \u00e2limlerin toplum nazar\u0131ndaki itibar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte yeni bir entellekt\u00fcel ayd\u0131n prototipi zuhur etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde y\u00fczy\u00fcze gelen, onun tesirinde kalan ve o k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc benimsemeye ba\u015flayan kimseler oldular. Bundan sonra ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n Bat\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nelmesi ve bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 toplumundaki temsilcileri olma s\u00fcreci devam etti.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te halk, Bat\u0131\u2019dan gelen yeni ak\u0131mlar\u0131n tesiriyle medrese \u00e2limlerini kendileri ile dinleri aras\u0131nda bir engel olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dini metinlerin ana dile terc\u00fcmesiyle dinin herkes taraf\u0131ndan rahat bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bilin\u00e7li olarak halka empoze ediliyordu. Onlara g\u00f6re, haddi zat\u0131nda din a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, kolayd\u0131, ne var ki ulema dinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6ylemin taraftarlar\u0131 nezdinde efkar-\u0131 umumiyye, terakkiy\u00e2t-\u0131 cedide, alafranga, \u00e2mme, halk <\/i>gibi terimlerin ne denli heyecan verici oldu\u011funu tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 olmasa gerektir. Buna mukabil ulema, medreseli, softa <\/i>gibi \u00fcnvanlar g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, ulema mensublar\u0131 aleyhinde \u2018ruhban\u2019 (din adam\u0131<\/i>) terimini kullanmak hemen hemen \u2018darb-\u0131 mesel\u2019 halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 toplumunun her alan\u0131nda bahsedilen de\u011fi\u015fimler s\u00fcrerken medreseler kadim gelene\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f de\u011fillerdi. Halktan kopmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsalar bile kendi i\u00e7lerinde tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerine devam ediyorlard\u0131. Ulema mir\u00e2s ald\u0131klar\u0131 yerle\u015fik \u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve gelene\u011fini devam ettirmek ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n yenilik\u00e7i cereyan\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halk\u0131 kendi y\u00f6nlerine \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in ellerinden gelen gayreti g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Bu durum da do\u011fal olarak ulema-ayd\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme getirmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Burada Tanz\u00eem\u00e2t d\u00f6neminde medreselerin durumu ve ders pro\u011fram\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmak faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> Ahmed Davuto\u011flu, \u2018\u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/i>\u2019<\/b>, Ocak 2000, s. 24-25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> Mehmet \u0130p\u015firli, \u201cXIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130lmiye Mesle\u011fi ve Ulema Hakk\u0131nda G\u00f6zlemler\u201d Tanz\u00eem\u00e2t\u0131n 150. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc Uluslararas\u0131 Sempozyumu,<\/i><\/b> <\/i>\u0130st, 1989.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/a> \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019da bu medeniyet hesapla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 -hala bu hesapla\u015fma s\u00fcr\u00fcyor- normalde yapmas\u0131 gereken z\u00fcmre ilmiye idi. \u0130lmiye olmas\u0131 gerekirdi. Bat\u0131 ile ilgili olan hesapla\u015fmam\u0131zda bizdeki en ciddi problem bu medeniyet hesapla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ilmiyenin yapmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Kalemiye yapt\u0131. Bu bo\u015flu\u011fu kalemiyyenin doldurmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 modernle\u015fmesini son derece b\u00fcrokratik, felsefi derinlikten k\u0131smen yoksun ve daha pragmatik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcreten sonu\u00e7lar getirdi… Kurumsal d\u00fczeyden, zihniyet d\u00fczeyine y\u00f6nlendirme cihetine gidildi ve \u00f6nce kurumlar de\u011fi\u015ferek zihniyet y\u00f6nelinmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu denklemi iyice allak bullak etti… Asr\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde tamam\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 bir reaksiyonla o g\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczeni tamam\u0131yla tersinden okuyan ve zihniyeti, pramidi tersine \u00e7eviren yeni bir tip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr ki Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131… Bizim entellekt\u00fcel tip kendi denklemine d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anlams\u0131z bir denklem g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve kurumsalla\u015fmay\u0131 bir anlamda tersine bir noktaya s\u00fcr\u00fckledi ve bu entellekt\u00fcel par\u00e7alanma h\u00e2l\u00e2 tesirini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor….\u201d (Davuto\u011flu, s. 24-25)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/a> Davuto\u011flu, a.y.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/a> C\u00fcndio\u011flu, s. 175; Bu yoldaki gayretler i\u00e7in bkz. Hanio\u011flu, a.y.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 asl\u0131nda askeri bak\u0131mdan h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lmalar\u0131 de\u011fil kendisini ifade edebilecek ve yeniden kurabilecek bir ilim adam\u0131 prototipini \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f, ne Roma hukuk\u00e7usuna, ne… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3G27m-1f8","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4782"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7136,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4782\/revisions\/7136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kuranvesunnetyolunda.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}