Muharrem, haram k\u0131l\u0131nan, yasaklanan, mukaddes olan, h\u00fcrmet edilen m\u00e2n\u00e2lar\u0131na gelir. \u00d6nce\u00adleri s\u0131fat olarak kullan\u0131lan muharrem ke\u00adlimesi daha sonra bu ay\u0131n hus\u00fbs\u00ee ismi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Ker\u00eem\u2019de, sald\u0131\u00adr\u0131ya u\u011frama durumu hari\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n haram oldu\u011fu aylardan bahsedilerek bu aylara h\u00fcrmet edilmesi emredilir.[1]<\/a> Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h<\/b> (s.a.v) Efendimiz, bu ay\u00adlar\u0131n Zilkade, Zilhicce, Muharrem ve Receb oldu\u011funu bey\u00e2n buyurmu\u015ftur.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0130bn-i Abbas <\/b>(r.anh\u00fcm\u00e2)\u2019dan, Fecr S\u00fbresi\u2019nde \u00fczerine yemin edilen \u201cfecr\u201dden maksad\u0131n Muharrem ay\u0131 oldu\u011fu rivayet edilir. Ayn\u0131 s\u00fbrede yine \u00fczerine yemin edilen on gecenin Muharrem\u2019in ilk on gecesi oldu\u011fu da ifade edilir. (Taber\u00ee, XXX, 107)<\/p>\n Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v) Efendimiz \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015flard\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cRamazan orucu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en faziletli oru\u00e7, Allah\u2019\u0131n ay\u0131 Muharrem\u2019de tutulan oru\u00e7tur. Farzlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en faziletli namaz da gece namaz\u0131d\u0131r (tehecc\u00fcd).\u201d<\/i> (M\u00fcslim, S\u0131y\u00e2m 202, 203; Nes\u00e2\u00ee, K\u0131y\u00e2m\u00fc\u20191-leyl, 6)<\/p>\n Muharrem\u2019in \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n ay\u0131\u201d<\/i> diye tavs\u00eef edilmesi, onun k\u0131ymetini if\u00e2de i\u00e7indir. Yoksa b\u00fct\u00fcn aylar All\u00e2h\u2019a \u00e2ittir. Yine bir sah\u00e2b\u00eenin:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Y\u00e2 Ras\u00fblall\u00e2h! Ramazan\u2019dan sonra hangi ayda oru\u00e7 tutmam\u0131 emir buyurur\u00adsunuz?\u201d sualine All\u00e2h Ras\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) \u015fu cevab\u0131 vermi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013E\u011fer Ramazan\u2019dan sonra oru\u00e7 tutacaksan, Muharrem\u2019de tut! Z\u00eer\u00e2 o, All\u00e2h\u2019\u0131n ay\u0131d\u0131r; onda bir g\u00fcn vard\u0131r ki, All\u00e2h, bir kavmin tevbesini o g\u00fcnde kab\u00fbl bu\u00adyurdu; ba\u015fka kavimlerin de tevbe ve niy\u00e2zlar\u0131n\u0131 o g\u00fcnde kab\u00fbl eder.\u201d<\/i> (Tirmiz\u00ee, Savm, 40\/741)<\/p>\n Faz\u00eeletinden bahsedilen o g\u00fcn, Muharrem\u2019in 10. g\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr, yani:<\/p>\n \u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v) Mekke\u2019den Med\u00eene\u2019ye hic\u00adret etti\u011finde yah\u00fbd\u00eelerin \u00e2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fc oru\u00e7 tuttuklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Sebebini sordu\u011funda yah\u00fbd\u00eeler:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Bug\u00fcn hay\u0131rl\u0131, faydal\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. All\u00e2h, bu g\u00fcnde Ben\u00ee \u0130sr\u00e2\u00eel\u2019i d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan kurtard\u0131. M\u00fbs\u00e2 (a.s), (All\u00e2h\u2019a \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr i\u00e7in) o g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tuttu.\u201d dediler. Bunun \u00fczerine Ras\u00fbl-i Ekrem Efendimiz:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2013Ben M\u00fbs\u00e2\u2019ya sizden daha yak\u0131n\u0131m.\u201d<\/i> buyurdu\u00adlar. O g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tuttular ve m\u00fc\u2019minlere de oru\u00e7 tutmalar\u0131n\u0131 emrettiler. (Buhar\u00ee, Savm, 69, Enbiy\u00e2, 24; M\u00fcslim, S\u0131y\u00e2m, 127)<\/p>\n Han\u0131m sah\u00e2b\u00eelerden Rubeyyi\u2019 bint-i Muavviz<\/b> (r.anh\u00e2) diyor ki:<\/p>\n \u201c\u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn sabah\u0131 All\u00e2h Ras\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) Ens\u00e2r k\u00f6ylerine \u015fu haberi g\u00f6nderdi:<\/p>\n \u00abKim bug\u00fcn oruca niyet etmi\u015fse tamamlas\u0131n. Kim niyet etmemi\u015fse g\u00fcn\u00fcn kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 oru\u00e7la ge\u00e7irsin!\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n Ondan sonra biz o g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tutard\u0131k, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131za da tuttururduk. Mescide gider \u00e7ocuklara y\u00fcnden oyuncaklar yapard\u0131k. Onlardan biri yiyecek i\u00e7in a\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu oyunca\u011f\u0131 vererek onu iftar vaktine kadar me\u015fgul ederdik.\u201d (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Savm, 47; M\u00fcslim, S\u0131y\u00e2m, 136)<\/p>\n All\u00e2h Ras\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015flard\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201c\u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 orucunu tutun; ancak bir g\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00adce veya bir g\u00fcn sonra tutarak yahudilere mu\u00adhalefet edin!\u201d<\/i> (Ahmed, I, 241; Bezz\u00e2r, no. 1052; Heysem\u00ee, III, 188)<\/p>\n Bu sebeple Hanef\u00ee mezhe\u00adbine g\u00f6re Muharrem\u2019in sadece onuncu g\u00fcn\u00fc oru\u00e7 tutulmas\u0131 yahudileri taklit et\u00adme anlam\u0131na gelebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in mekruhtur.<\/p>\n Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v) \u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fc oru\u00e7 tutup; o g\u00fcn oru\u00e7 tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 da emredince, ash\u00e2b-\u0131 kir\u00e2m:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2212Ey Allah\u2019\u0131n Ra\u00adsul\u00fc! Bu, yahudi ve hristiyanlar\u0131n sayg\u0131 g\u00f6s\u00adterdi\u011fi bir g\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u201d dediler. Efendimiz \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu:<\/p>\n \u201c\u2212Gelecek sene in\u015faallah dokuzuncu g\u00fcn\u00fc oru\u00e7 tuta\u00adr\u0131m.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n Fakat gelecek sene gelmeden All\u00e2h Ra\u00ads\u00fbl\u00fc (s.a.v) vefat etti. (M\u00fcslim, Siy\u00e2m, 133; Eb\u00fb D\u00e2vud, no. 2445; Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, no. 10785; Beyhak\u00ee, IV, 287)<\/p>\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00e2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 orucunu Muharrem\u2019in dokuzuncu ve onuncu g\u00fcnlerinde tutmalar\u0131 m\u00fcstehapt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hazret-i \u00c2i\u015fe<\/b> (r.anh\u00e2) \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n \u201cRas\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v) \u00c2\u015f\u00fbra orucunu emretmi\u015fti. Ramazan orucu farz k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131nca art\u0131k onu dileyen tutar, dileyen de tutmazd\u0131.\u201d (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Savm, 69; M\u00fcslim, S\u0131y\u00e2m, 115)<\/p>\n \u00d6nce farz iken s\u00fcnnete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen bir h\u00fck\u00fcm, b\u00f6yle bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olmayan s\u00fcnnetten daha \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu sebeple \u00e2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fc orucuna ihtimam g\u00f6stermek gerekir. Nitekim Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019e \u00e2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fc tutulan orucun k\u0131ymeti soruldu\u011funda:<\/p>\n \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015f bir senenin g\u00fcnahlar\u0131na kef\u00e2ret olur.\u201d<\/i> buyurmu\u015ftur. (M\u00fcslim, S\u0131y\u00e2m 197. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, Savm 54; Tirmiz\u00ee, Savm 48; \u0130bn-i M\u00e2ce, S\u0131y\u00e2m 40)<\/p>\n \u0130bn-i Abb\u00e2s (r.anh\u00fcm\u00e2) da Peygamber Efendimiz\u2019in faz\u00eeletli g\u00fcnlerde tuttu\u011fu oru\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda \u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 orucu kadar ihtimam g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ba\u015fka bir g\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini ifade eder. (Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Savm, 69)<\/p>\n Rivayetlere g\u00f6re bug\u00fcn \u00c2dem (a.s)\u2019in tevbesi kabul edilmi\u015f, Y\u00fbnus (a.s) bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n karn\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, M\u00fbs\u00e2 (a.s) do\u011fmu\u015f ve Firavun\u2019dan kurtulmu\u015f, N\u00fbh (a.s)\u2019\u0131n gemisi C\u00fbd\u00ee da\u011f\u0131na oturmu\u015f, \u0130br\u00e2h\u00eem ve \u00ces\u00e2 (a.s) do\u011fmu\u015f, S\u00fcley\u00adman (a.s)\u2019a m\u00fclk verilmi\u015f, Davud (a.s)\u2019\u0131n tevbesi kabul edilmi\u015f, Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v)\u2019e ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve gelecek b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnah\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n affedildi\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. (Bkz. Diyarbekri, T\u00e2r\u00eeh,<\/i> I, 360; \u0130bn-i As\u00e2kir, Fadlu Receb,<\/i> no: 2)<\/p>\n N\u00fbh (a.s)\u2019\u0131n gemisi, \u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 <\/b>g\u00fcn\u00fc sel\u00e2metle C\u00fbd\u00ee Da\u011f\u0131\u2019na indi\u011finde Hazret-i N\u00fbh ve m\u00fc\u2019minler, \u015f\u00fckr\u00e2ne olarak oru\u00e7 tuttular. Kalan erzaktan \u00e2\u015f\u00fbra pi\u015firdiler. Bu sebeple o g\u00fcn sadaka vermek, tatl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak ve oru\u00e7 tutmak g\u00fczel g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00c2\u015f\u00e2r\u00e2 G\u00fcn\u00fc C\u00f6mert Davranmak<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Ras\u00fblull\u00e2h (s.a.v) \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n \u201cKim \u00c2\u015f\u00fbr\u00e2 g\u00fcn\u00fc (nafaka hususunda) \u00e2ilesine geni\u015f davran\u0131rsa All\u00e2h Te\u00e2l\u00e2 da b\u00fct\u00fcn sene boyunca onun r\u0131zk\u0131na bolluk ihs\u00e2n eyler.\u201d<\/i> <\/i>(Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, Evsat,<\/i> IX, 121, Keb\u00eer,<\/i> X, 77; Beyhak\u00ee, \u015euab,<\/i> III, 366)<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e2bir<\/b> (r.a) bu rivayetle al\u00e2kal\u0131 olarak \u201cBiz bunu denedik ve \u00f6yle bulduk.\u201d der. \u0130bn-i Uyeyne<\/b> de: \u201cBiz bunu elli veya altm\u0131\u015f sene tecr\u00fcbe ettik.\u201d demi\u015ftir. (M\u00fcn\u00e2v\u00ee, Feyzu\u2019l-Kad\u00eer,<\/i> VI, 306)<\/p>\n Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Hak, \u00e2ilesine c\u00f6mert davranan kuluna b\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck l\u00fbtuflarda bulunursa, kim bilir fakir ve garip kullar\u0131na c\u00f6mert davranan ki\u015filere ne ikr\u00e2m ve ihsanlarda bulunur!<\/p>\n