5. Obusiraamu Buwagira Okuyiga Omuli Saayansi, Amagezi n’Eddiini

N’okutuusa kati tewali kwawukana oba butakkiriziganya wakati w’Obusiraamu ne Saayansi. Obusiraamu tebwakoma ku butawera Saayansi mu byafaayo byabwo byonna; wabula ate buzze buwagira ne ssekuwagira yenna Saayansi era ne bukifuula kya buwaze eri abasajja n’abakazi okunoonya okumanya. Ku ludda olulala, n’ebivumbulwa mu Saayansi tebiragangayo nsobi yonna eri mu Busiraamu; wabula ate buli kaseera bigenda bikakasa bukakasa Obusiraamu bye busomesa era nga tewali nsonga lwaki byandiwakanyizza Obusiraamu bye busomesa. Saayansi agezaako okuvumbula amateeka g’ebintu ebiriwo ebyo Allah bye yatonda nga (saayansi) ayita mu kubinoonyerezaako. Obusiraamu ddiini ya Katonda era ng’ekuumibwa mu mbeera yaayo nga bwe yajja. Olwo n’ebeera nga ya byombiriri. Okuvumbula n’okutumbulwa okwa Saayansi gye bigenda bikoma okukolebwa, n’ekitiibwa kya Allah, amaanyi ge n’okumanya kwe ensonga ebitaliiko kkomo gye bikoma okweyongera okumanyibwa obulungi, era n’okukkiriza kw’abantu mu Allah gye kukoma okunnyikira. Olw’ensonga eyo, Saayansi kitundu ekiri munda mu Busiraamu.

Waliwo amannya mangi mu mannya ga Allah amalungi agategeeza nga Allah bw’ali Omumanyi wa byonna, era nga bw’amanyi buli kintu ne bwe kiba nga kikwekeddwa oba nedda. Abaddu ba Allah bateekeddwa okukola kyonna ekisoboka okulaba nga bagabana ku kitendo ekyo eky’okumanya okutukuvu. Waliwo hadiisi nnyingi ne aya za Kulaane ebikubiriza abantu okunoonya okumanya. Allah Owaawaggulu agamba bw’atyi:

“Gamba nti: Katonda wange! Nkusaba onnyongere okumanya.” (Twa-ha, 20 : 114)

“Allah ajja kusitula eddaala ly’abo abakkiriza mummwe n’abo abaaweebwa okumanya.” (Mujaadilah [Omukazi Awaaba], 58 : 11)

Mukama waffe Omubaka wa Allah (Okusaasira kwa Allah n’emirembe bibeere ku ye) yagamba nti:

“Omuntu bw’akwata ekkubo n’ekigendererwa eky’okunoonya okumanya, Omuntu oyo Allah amuteeka mu limu ku makubo agamutuusa mu Jjana. Okuva bamalayika lwe babeera abasanyufu olw’ekyo ky’akola, bamubikka ebiwawaatiro byabwe. Buli kintu ekiri mu ggulu (zonna) n’ensi, n’eby’ennyanja (obwennyanja) ebiri wansi mu mazzi bisaba Allah asonyiwe omuntu anoonya okumanya. Enkizo abamanyi gye balina ku bantu abasinza y’enkizo omwezi omujjuvu gye gulina ku mmunyeenye endala zonna. Abamanyi be basika ba Bannabbi. Bannabbi tebaaleka zaabu na ffeeza eby’okusikirwa; wabula baaleka kumanya. Omuntu oyo yenna atwala eky’obusika kino aba atutte ekyengera kya maanyi.” (Abu Dawuda, Knowledge [Okumanya], 1 / 3641; Tirmidhi, Knowledge [Okumanya], 19 / 2682. Era laba Bukhari, Knowledge [Okumanya], 10; Ibn Maajah, Muqaddimah [Ebyanjula], 17).

“Okumanya ensonga kye kintu ekyabula Omukkiriza ky’anoonya; kitiibwa kye, ekisembayo waggulu, okukironda awo wonna w’aba akisanze.” (Tirmidhi, Knowledge [Okumanya], 19 / 2687; Ibn Maajah, Piety [Okutya Katonda], 13).

“Ennyonta y’Omukkiriza ey’okwagala okumanya teri kisobola kugimumalako, okutuusa lw’alituuka ku ntikko y’okutuuka – Ejjana.” (Tirmidhi, Knowledge [Okumanya], 19 / 2686)

Eyo ye nsonga lwaki Abasiraamu beesogga ekisaawe ky’okunoonyereza okwa Saayansi era ne bakutwala ng’okusinza. Mu mwaka ogwa 800 CE, Ahmad an-Nahawandi yatandika okwekeneenya ebiri mu bwengula. Oluvannyuma baazimba ebifo ebikebererwamu eby’amaanyi. Bwe baamala okukola ebinoonyereza ku bwengula, baapima obuwanvu obw’obwengula obuli wakati w’enjuba, emmunyeenye ne ssengendo endala, ebiseera eby’omu bwengula, obuwanvu bw’ensozi, n’obuwanvu (mu kukka) obw’enzizi. Ebyava mu bintu bino kwe kuba nga edda ebyatwalibwanga okubeera ebitakyuka byaddamu okwetegerezebwa era emmunyeenye ne ziteekebwateekebwa buto. Emmunyeenye empya zaavumbulwa, eddaala ly’okukyuka ne lipimibwa bupya, entambula y’enjuba ey’oku ntikko ne yeekenneenyezebwa era n’eteekebwa ku mmunyeenye ezitatambula, n’ebirala ebikulu ebyavumbulwa ebikwata ku ntambula ya zi ssengendo.

Abasiraamu baakozesa amakubo amapya mu kubala mu by’obwengula. Okusinga okwesigamira ku kitangaala, baakozesa enjuyi n’emisittale awamu n’emiwaatwa n’engabanyagabanya era ne basobola okufuna engeri ennyangu ey’okufunamu ebipimo ebirungi. Baasobola okutuuka ku ddaala eryali litatuukibwangako mu bukugu obwekuusa ku kupima entambula y’emmunyeenye zi ssengendo.^[1]

Okufaananako n’ebyo, Abasiraamu era baakola okuvumbula mu geology (ebikwata ku nkula y’ensi entondebwa, n’enkyukakyuka yaayo), ebikwata ku by’obugagga eby’omu ttaka, eby’ebirime, eby’ebisolo, okubala, physics (ebikwata ku bbugumu, ekitangaala n’amaanyi amalala), chemistry (kiimiya), obusawo, n’eby’okutabula eddagala era ne bakola omulimo munene ddala mu kutumbuka kwa Saayansi ow’ebintu ebyo. Ibn Siina (980 – 1037) n’okuvumbula kwe yakola mu masomo amakumi abiri mw’omwenda (29) ag’enjawulo, yali kakensa ow’amaanyi eyaggulirawo bannassaayansi abazungu oluggi. Ekitabo kye al-Kanuun fil Ttwibbi (The Canon in Medicine oba Amateeka g’obusawo), kyasomesebwa mu ssematendekero z’omu Bulaaya okumala emyaka lukaaga (600) lulamba nga kikozesebwa ng’ekitabo ekisomesebwamu. Omuntu eyasooka okwogera ku mulimu gwa retina (ekitundu ekisangibwa emabega w’eriiso ekiweereza ekitangaala eri obwongo) yali Ibn Rushd (1126 – 1198). Ekitabo ekikwata ku liiso, Tadhkiratul Kahhaaliina (Okujjukiza abasiiga obwanja), ekyawandiikibwa Ali bin Isa (mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ekimu – XI) kyasigala nga kye kitabo ekikozesebwa mu kusomesa ku by’eriiso oba okulaba n’ekitangaala (optics) okumala ebyasa ebiwera era nga kyavvuunulwa mu nnimi omwali Olulattini, Olugyamani, n’Olufalansa. Ammaar bin Ali (ekyasa eky’ekkumi ne kimu – XI) yalongoosa eriiso ebyasa mwenda emabega era n’annyonnyola engeri gye yakolamu yalongoosa eriiso okulijjako ekifu mu kitabo kye Al-Muntakhab fi Elaajil Ayni. Ekitabo kino kyavvuunulwa mu nnimi za Bulaaya enkulu ezaaliwo mu kiseera ekyo. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965 – 1051), omukugu mu bya physics ye yatandikawo saayansi w’amaaso (optics) era nga ye yasookera ddala okukola galubindi. Ali bin Abbaasi (994) yalongoosa omuntu kansa (obulwadde bwa kookolo) okwava obukodyo obukozesebwa mu kulongoosa olwaleero. Ekitabo mukunngaanya ekiyitibwa Kitaabul Maliki kikeberwamu olwaleero era kitenderezebwa. Abul Qaasim az-Zahraawi (963 – 1013) yafuula essomo ly’okulongoosa ng’essomo eryetongodde, era yakuba ebifaananyi eby’ebintu ebiwera nga ebikumi bibiri (200) ebikozesebwa mu kulongoosa era n’annyonnyola buli kimu bwe kikozesebwa mu kitabo kye ekiyitibwa Tasriifu. Okusaasaana kw’obutonde obusirikitu kwavumbulibwa Ibn Nafiis eyawangaala wakati w’emyaka 1210 ne 1288 era kino n’akinnyonnyolera mu bye yawandiika ku kitabo kya Ibn Siina ekiyitibwa Kanuun. Akshemseddin (1389 – 1459) ayogera bino ku bulamu obunyinkuuli (microbes) mu kitabo kye kye yatuuma Maddat al Hayaat.

“Kikyamu okulowooza nti obulwadde bugwa ku bantu nga tebalina gye babujja. Obulwadde busiigibwa busiigibwa. Okusaasaana kuno kuzuuka okusinziira ku bulamu bw’ensigo entono ennyo eriiso lyokka ze litasobola kulaba (ng’omuntu takozesezza bitangaaza).”

Haarizmii (780 – 850), ye yasookoera ddala okukozesa nnamba (omuwendo) eya zero (0) mu kubala, yateekawo omusingi gwa algebra era n’agutuuma erinnya n’ekitabo kye ekiyitibwa al-Jabr wal Muqaabalah. Batabani ba Musa (ekyasa eky’omwenda) baapima obugazi bw’ensi ne bafuna ensobi entono ddala. Beyruunii (973 – 1051), eyavumbula mu masomo agawerako, yakiraga nti ensi yeetooloola yo yennyini ate ne yeetooloola n’enjuba, era n’apima bulungi obugazi bw’ensi ng’akola okunoonyereza mu kibuga ekiyitibwa Nendene mu India. Amateeka (agali mu nnyukuta) ge yaggyamu mu nsonga eno gaamanyika nga “The Beyruni formula” mu Bulaaya. Battani (Albategni) yabala omwaka ogw’enjuba n’afuna ensobi entono eyenkana obutikitiki abiri mu buna (24). Ismail Jawuhari (950 – 1010) yagezaako okubuuka mu bbanga omulundi ogwasookera ddala. Ibnul Firnasi ye yasooka okukola ennyonyi mu 880. Yabeera mu bbanga akaseera akawera ate n’akka mu kimpoowooze n’ennyonyi ye gye yali akoze mu byoya by’ebinyonyi n’engoye. Raazi (864 – 925) yayogera ku maanyi agasika. Christopher Colombus (1446 – 1506) ye yagamba nti eby’ensi America okubeerayo yabimanyira ku Basiraamu, naddala okuva mu kitabo ekya Ibn Rushd (1126 – 1198). Idrisi (1100 -1166) yakuba maapu ebyasa munaana ebiyise naye nga zaali zifaanana ne maapu z’ensi yonna ze tukozesa kati.^[2]

Okuyita mu byafaayo mu bifo ebingi, obugunjufu bungi obuvuddeyo, era nga bwonna buyambye mu kutumbula Saayansi nga buyita mu kubaako ne kye bukola. Abasiraamu nabo baaganyulwa okuva mu bugunjufu obwasooka. Bino babyogerako n’obwewombeefu n’obwetoowaze naye nabo, ku ludda lwabwe, ne babaako ne kye baakola kinene mu kutumbula Saayansi. Ebitabo ebyawandiikibwa mu bugunjufu obwasooka byavvuunulwa abamanyi Abasiraamu naye ebyali mu bitabo ebyo tebyamala gatwalibwa nga tebabisengezze. Byamalanga kwekenneenyezebwa okusooka ne bitereezebwa mu ng’ebitundu ebitali bituufu biggyiddwaamu.